AI TA SAMO HANYAR KAUCE WA IRIDIUM

Don samar da hydrogen mai tsafta, na’urorin electrolyser suna raba ruwa da wutar lantarki. A nau’in da ya fi ƙanƙanta — na’urorin electrolyser masu membrane na musayar proton (PEM) — dole ne ɗaya daga cikin electrode ya saki oxygen a cikin muhalli mai tsananin acid da ƙarfin oxidation. A can, oxides na iridium ko ruthenium ne kaɗai ke da ƙwazo kuma suke da juriya isasshe.

Farashinsu ba shi ne babbar matsala ba: farashin hydrogen ya fi dogara ne da inganci da tsawon rai. Matsalar ita ce samarwa. Iridium yana cikin sinadarai mafi ƙaranci da ake amfani da su a masana’antu, ruthenium bai fi shi yawa ba sosai, kuma dukansu suna fitowa ne a matsayin abubuwan da ake samu a gefe a haƙar ma’adinan rukunin platinum, ta hanyar samarwa da ta taru a wuri ɗaya kuma mai tsauri. Faɗaɗa na’urorin electrolyser zuwa gigawatt na iya bugewa da wannan bango.

Ɗakin gwaji da ke zaɓar gwaje-gwajensa da kansa

Wata tawaga a Lila Sciences, wani kamfani a Cambridge, Massachusetts, ta gina wani dandali mai rufaffiyar zagaye da ke sarrafa kansa fiye da kashi 90%. Mutane suna motsa samfurori ne kawai kuma su kunna na’urori.

• Injuna suna shimfiɗa siraran fina-finai masu cakuɗa oxides na ƙarafa da dama — samfurori 32 a kowane rukuni, haɗaɗɗu uku a kowanne.
• Ana auna fina-finan, sannan a gwada su a cikin sulphuric acid: yadda suke sakin oxygen cikin sauƙi (ƙwazo) da yawan ƙarfen da suke rasawa (juriya).
• Ana sake horar da samfuran koyon na’ura (machine learning) bayan kowane zagaye. Wani wakili (agent) yana yanke shawara ko zai bincika sababbin yankuna ko kuma ya inganta masu kyau, kuma wani samfurin harshe (language model) yana zaɓar gwaji na gaba kuma ya bayyana dalili.

Mafi ƙarancin zagaye yana ɗaukar kusan awa 22; dandalin yana gwada kusan masu haɓaka 240 a kowane mako.

Iyalin da ba a yi tsammani ba

Bayan masu haɓaka 2,942 daga iyalai 53 da sinadarai 26, mafi kyawun daidaito tsakanin ƙwazo da juriya sun kasance a hannun oxides masu yawan palladium tare da ƙananan adadin wasu ƙarafa. Wannan abin mamaki ne: an san palladium oxide shi kaɗai a matsayin mai haɓaka mara ƙarfi ga wannan sinadarin martani, kuma ba a taɓa bayyana irin wannan iyali ba.

Fitaccen, InMnPdOx, yana da kashi 99.91% palladium, da kashi 0.06% manganese da kashi 0.03% indium kawai.

• Aikin farko: kusa da ruthenium oxide (volt 0.45 idan aka kwatanta da 0.41 na overpotential — ƙasa ya fi kyau).
• Juriya: ya kasance ƙasa da volt 0.5 na awa 1,000. Palladium oxide zalla ya ƙetare wannan layi bayan kusan awa 200; ɗan uwansa na nickel-tantalum bayan kusan 470.
• Ya riƙe kashi 96% na palladium ɗinsa bayan awa 1,000, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 87% ga palladium oxide zalla da kashi 59% na ruthenium a cikin ruthenium oxide.
• Mafi kyawun masu haɓaka da ba su da kowane ƙarfe mai daraja, waɗanda aka gina da cobalt, sun lalace cikin ƙasa da awa huɗu.

Kwatancen manyan ’yan takarar palladium da ruthenium oxide: ƙwazo, juriya da asarar ƙarfe, da (E) gwajin dogon lokaci na awa 1,000. — Hoto na 3, Jenewein, Habib Zadeh et al. (2026), arXiv:2609.30133.

Me ya sa yake daɗewa? Yayin aiki, InMnPdOx yana gina hanyar sadarwa ta ƙananan gine-gine masu kama da allura (nanostructures), yankunan da ba su wuce nanometre 2 ba. Sinadaran samansa iri ɗaya ne da na palladium oxide zalla: a cewar masu binciken, gini ne ke kawo bambanci.

AI da chatbot

Da aka sake gudanar da binciken a kan bayanan gaske, wakilin tawagar ya inganta mafi kyawun daidaito cikin sauri fiye da kowace dabara. Daidaitaccen Bayesian optimisation ya yi kusan daidai da zaɓen ka-ci-ka-tashi — kuma samfurin harshe shi kaɗai ya yi muni fiye da ka-ci-ka-tashi. Don isa iyalin palladium da yuwuwar kashi 90%, wakilin ya buƙaci iyalan abubuwa 11, binciken ka-ci-ka-tashi 18; samfurin harshen (Claude Opus 4.6) bai taɓa isa can ba cikin 50.

Wakilin AI da sauran dabaru (A) da adadin iyalan abubuwa da kowanne ya buƙata don samo palladium (B): samfurin harshe shi kaɗai bai taɓa isa can ba. — Hoto na 5, Jenewein, Habib Zadeh et al. (2026), arXiv:2609.30133.

Zaɓi na kusa, ba amsar ƙarshe ba

Palladium ma ƙarfe ne mai daraja. Amma samar da shi a shekara ya fi na iridium ninki goma, babban amfaninsa na tarihi — masu haɓakar hayaƙin mota — yana raguwa saboda komawa ga motocin lantarki, kuma ana sake sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Yana sassauta wannan ƙuntatawa ba tare da cire ta ba.

Rikicin muradu: dukkan masu binciken ma’aikatan Lila Sciences ne, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin aikin kuma ya shigar ko zai iya shigar da haƙƙin mallaka (patents) a kan waɗannan abubuwa da dandalin. Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da tsarin da ke bayan wannan juriya ba.