NEUTRINO BA SU SAMI KUMFA A CIKIN SPACETIME BA

Ilimin lissafin halitta (physics) har yanzu ba shi da ka’idar quantum gravity mai aiki. Amma yawancin ’yan takara suna da tsammani ɗaya: a sikelin Planck mai ƙanƙanta matuƙa, spacetime yana daina zama santsi kuma yana fara jujjuyawa. Masana kimiyyar lissafi suna kiransa kumfar spacetime (spacetime foam). Wani hoto na zahiri shi ne bayan fage na black holes na kwaikwayo (virtual black holes), ƙanana sosai kuma masu wucewa, suna bayyana kuma suna ƙafewa a mafi gajerun lokuta da za a iya samu.

Juyawa ɗaya irin wannan zai yi ƙanƙanta matuƙa da ba za a lura da shi ba. Amma barbashi da ke tafiya mai nisa zai iya tara tasirinsu. Halayensa na quantum za su shuɗe a hankali zuwa cikin bazuwar talakawa, ta zahiri (classical) — wani tsari da ake kira decoherence.

Agogon quantum da ke ratsa Duniya

Neutrino su ne barbashin gwaji mafi dacewa. Ba su da cajin wutar lantarki kuma suna jin ƙarfin weak force da gravity ne kawai, don haka suna ratsa duniyoyi gaba ɗaya ba tare da wani tasiri ba. Kuma suna ɗauke da agogon quantum a cikinsu: neutrino da aka haifa a matsayin “nau’i” (flavour) ɗaya (electron, muon ko tau) yana juyawa zuwa sauran yayin da yake tafiya. Wannan juyawa (oscillation) tasirin haɗuwar raƙuman (interference) ne. Idan kumfar spacetime ta rikita yanayin quantum na neutrino a kan hanya, juyawar za ta raunana.

Neutrino mafi dacewa don wannan su ne na sararin iskar Duniya (atmospheric), waɗanda ake samarwa lokacin da hasken sararin samaniya (cosmic rays) ya bugi sararin sama. Waɗanda ke fitowa daga ƙasa sun ratsa Duniya — har zuwa cikakken faɗinta (diameter) — kuma suna kai makamashi mai girma sosai, inda ake tsammanin tasirin da ke da alaƙa da sikelin Planck ya fi ƙarfi.

IceCube Collaboration ta gwada hotuna biyu na abin da black hole na kwaikwayo zai iya yi wa neutrino da ke wucewa: ya sauya shi bazuwa zuwa wani tabbataccen yanayi, ko ya karkatar da phase ɗinsa na ciki da wani adadi bazuwa.

Muon neutrino daga ruwan hasken sararin samaniya yana ratsa Duniya zuwa IceCube. A kan hanya, black hole na kwaikwayo (VBH) zai iya sauya nau’insa, ya ɗora shi a kan mass state, ko ya karkatar da phase ɗinsa. — Figure 1, IceCube Collaboration (2026), arXiv:2610.14144.

Ana bayyana tasirin da daidaitaccen lissafi (equation) na tsarin quantum da ke zubewa cikin mahallinsu, Lindblad equation:

ρ̇ = −i[H, ρ] − D[ρ]

Kalma ta farko ita ce juyawa ta yau da kullum; ta biyu, D, ita ce raunanarwa (damping). Ana ɗauka cewa ƙarfinta Γ yana ƙaruwa da makamashi bisa power law, Γ(E) = Γ₀ (E/E₀)ⁿ, kuma ƙungiyar ta gwada n = 0, 1, 2 da 3. Yanayin n = 2 shi ne mafi samun dalili, domin yana bayyana a cikin lissafin string theory da dama.

Neutrino 368,071, babu dushewa

IceCube kilomita mai siffar sukwaya (cubic kilometre) ne na ƙanƙarar Antarctica da na’urorin ji na haske 5,160 ke kallo. Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da bayanan shekara 10.7: muon neutrino 368,071 da suka fito daga ƙasa ta cikin Duniya, da makamashi daga 0.5 zuwa TeV 100 — sau goma sama da binciken IceCube na baya kan wannan tasiri. An yi binciken a makance, kuma kowane gwaji dole ya wuce kafin a bayyana sakamakon.

Hukuncin: bayanan sun yi daidai da juyawar nau’i uku ta yau da kullum a ko’ina. Babu ƙarancin da ke inda decoherence zai fi cizo.

Sabbin iyakoki na sama (taurari ja) idan aka kwatanta da gwaje-gwajen baya. Ga n = 3, tauraron ya faɗi ƙasa da layin kore da ke nuna tasirin “na halitta” na sikelin Planck. — Figure 6, IceCube Collaboration (2026), arXiv:2610.14144.

• Ga n = 2 da n = 3, iyakokin sun inganta a kan na IceCube na baya da fiye da sau goma. Ribar ta fito ne galibi daga neutrino masu mafi girman makamashi.
• Ga n = 2, ƙarfin decoherence dole ya kasance ƙasa da 7.26 × 10⁻¹⁹ electronvolt a TeV 1, a cikin ƙirorin biyu.
• Ga n = 3, iyakokin yanzu sun kai ƙasa da tsammanin “na halitta” na sikelin Planck — ƙimar da ake samu idan aka ɗauka tasirin ya zama mai ƙarfi kamar sikelin Planck kansa a makamashin Planck. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka kai wannan mataki ga n = 3.

Ɓoyewa fiye da yadda ake tsammani

Idan kumfar spacetime tana raunana juyawar neutrino ta wannan hanya, dole ne a danne ta da ƙarfi fiye da yadda ƙiyasin halitta na sikelin Planck ke hasashe — ta wata ƙarin hanya, ko da dogaro da makamashi da ba power law mai sauƙi ba ne. Marubutan sun kira waɗannan iyakoki mafi tsauri zuwa yau a kan wannan rukunin ƙirori.

Gwajin yana da wuraren da ba ya gani. IceCube ba zai iya bambance neutrino da antineutrino ɗaya bayan ɗaya ba, don haka binciken ya ɗauka cewa duka suna yin abu ɗaya. Kuma an sauƙaƙa ƙirorin da gangan, da parameter ɗaya na raunanarwa. Manyan samfura, musamman daga na’urar IceCube-Gen2 da aka tsara, ya kamata su ƙara tura binciken gaba.