IDAN LAUNIN FATA YA YAUDARI ƊAN MATSEWAR YATSA
Pulse oximeter — matsewar da ake sakawa a yatsan mara lafiya — tana ƙiyasta yawan iskar oxygen da jinin jijiyoyin zuciya (arteries) ke ɗauke da shi. Tana haska haske ja da infrared ta cikin yatsa, tana auna yadda kowanne ke bugawa tare da bugun zuciya, sannan ta lissafa wani rabo. Wani daidaitawa (calibration), da aka yi bisa gwaji a kan kusan masu sa kai goma, yana mayar da wannan rabo zuwa cikar oxygen (oxygen saturation).
Wata karkacewa da aka sani
Waɗannan na’urori suna nuna matakin oxygen fiye da yadda yake a jikin marasa lafiya masu duhun fata. Sakamakon shi ne ƙarin ƙarancin oxygen a ɓoye (occult hypoxaemia): ainihin matakin oxygen ya yi ƙasa har ya kamata a yi magani, amma na’urar tana nuna lamba mai kwantar da hankali kuma ba a ba da maganin ba.
Dokar Amurka ta daidaitawa (FDA, 2013) tana buƙatar aƙalla mutane biyu masu duhun fata, ko kashi 15 % na rukunin. Ana sake duba ta — wani kwamitin ba da shawara na FDA ya yi nazarinta a 2024.
Ɗaya daga cikin bayanan da aka gabatar ana kiransa launantawar bakan haske (spectral colouring). Oximeter suna amfani da LED, waɗanda hasken su ya ƙunshi launuka masu faɗi sosai — sabanin laser. Melanin da ke cikin fata yana shanye wasu launukan wannan zangon fiye da wasu. Don haka launin da na’urar ke karɓa a zahiri yana sauyawa da launin fata, alhali daidaitawar tana ɗaukar launi ɗaya tsayayye. Akwai goyon baya na gwaji na baya-bayan nan: maye gurbin LED da diode na laser masu ƙunƙuntaccen zango ya kawar da karkacewar, a teburin gwaji da kuma a wani binciken asibiti na mahalarta 18. An kuma gabatar da wasu hanyoyi, kuma karkacewar na iya zama haɗakar da yawa.
Gwajin
Giles Blaney da abokan aikinsa a Jami’ar Tufts sun yi amfani da rumbun bayanai na jama’a OpenOximetry, wanda aka tattara a Jami’ar California, San Francisco: masu sa kai lafiyayyu waɗanda ake rage matakin oxygen ɗinsu mataki-mataki (daga kusan 100 % zuwa 70 %) ta hanyar sarrafa iskar da suke shaƙa. A kowane mataki, ana ɗiban jinin jijiyar zuciya a matsayin ma’auni, yayin da ake naɗar ɗanyen siginar oximeter da bakan hasken da fata ke mayarwa.
Daga waɗannan bayanai, masu sa kai 98 da samfuran jini 2,991 sun kasance masu amfani. Ga kowane mutum, ƙungiyar ta lissafa yawan melanin na fata daga bakan haskenta. Sannan suka kwatanta daidaitawa uku, kowanne da sigogi masu ’yanci guda biyu kawai, don kwatanci na adalci:
- daidaitawa ta gargajiya ta layi madaidaici;
- wata dabara da aka samo daga physics (dokar Beer–Lambert da aka gyara), wadda ba ta la’akari da melanin;
- wannan dabarar, da aka gyara don melanin da faɗin zangon launin LED — an gabatar da ita a takarda a baya, ba a taɓa gwada ta a kan ainihin bayanai ba.
Sakamakon
- Daidaiton gaba ɗaya iri ɗaya ne ga dukkan ukun: kusan kuskuren root-mean-square na 2.42 %, dukkansu cikin iyakar FDA ta 3 %.
- Dogaro ga launin fata — yadda kuskuren ke ƙaruwa da melanin:
- daidaitawa ta gargajiya: maki +2.8 na cikar oxygen a kowane ma’aunin melanin;
- dabarar physics: +1.2;
- dabarar da aka gyara don melanin: +0.1 — kusan sifili.
Jerin yana tafiya a alƙiblar da ka’idar launantawar bakan haske ta yi hasashe.
Abin da wannan bai tabbatar ba
Marubutan sun fito fili: babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan gangarowa da ke da muhimmanci a ƙididdiga — dukkan zangon rashin tabbaci sun haɗa da sifili. Ba sa iƙirarin cewa sun auna karkacewar ko sun kawar da ita. Za a buƙaci marasa lafiya kusan ninki goma; binciken asibiti da suka tabbatar da karkacewar sun ƙunshi marasa lafiya 1,565 da 8,392.
Gyaran yana kuma buƙatar auna launin fatar kowane mara lafiya, da sanin zangon launin LED. Kuma waɗannan hanyoyin daidaitawa ne: ba za a iya amfani da su kai tsaye a kan oximeter da ake amfani da su yanzu ba.
Gwaji na farko a kan ainihin bayanai
Wannan shi ne gwaji na farko a kan ainihin bayanai na daidaitawa da ke la’akari da melanin. Shawarar marubutan ta aiki ga binciken daidaitawa na gaba: aƙalla a ɗauki dabarar da ta samo asali daga physics, wadda ke maye gurbin layi madaidaici ba tare da ƙarin wani auna ba. Lambar kwamfutarsu a buɗe take ga kowa.