SUN YI HASKE DA YAWA GA SARARIN DARE

A cikin ’yan shekaru kaɗan, adadin tauraron ɗan Adam a kewayawa ya ƙaru sosai, kusan gaba ɗaya saboda manyan rukunoni (constellations) kamar Starlink, OneWeb da Guowang. Suna kawo intanet zuwa yankuna masu nisa, amma kuma suna barin hanyoyi masu haske a kan hotunan masana ilimin taurari.

A cikin shekara guda bayan harba Starlink na farko a 2019, masana ilimin taurari sun gabatar da wata doka mai sauƙi: tauraron ɗan Adam da ake gani a hasken rana da ya nuna kada ya fi magnitude 7 haske — ɗan duhu kaɗan fiye da taurari mafi duhu da mutum zai iya gani ƙarƙashin sama mai duhu — da iyaka mai ɗan duhu kaɗan ga kewayawa mafi tsayi. Cibiyar Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Taurari ta Duniya (IAU) mai kare sararin samaniya mai duhu ta amince da wannan shawarar. Har zuwa yanzu, duk da haka, ma’aunai kaɗan ne suka duba ko tauraron ɗan Adam suna bin ta a zahiri: kamfe na baya sun bi ƙananan adadin waɗanda aka zaɓa da hannu.

Raga don meteors, an juya ta ga tauraron ɗan Adam

Denis Vida, Peter Brown da abokan aikinsu a Jami’ar Western a Kanada, tare da Defence Research and Development Canada, sun yi amfani da Luciole, tsarin kyamarori da aka samo daga Global Meteor Network. Kamar yadda marubutan suka faɗa, ana iya ganin tauraron ɗan Adam a matsayin meteors masu tafiya a hankali sosai, masu daɗewa. Maimakon nuna wa tauraron ɗan Adam da aka sani, Luciole yana jefa ragar gani a kan sararin sama kuma yana rubuta duk abin da ke motsi, sau 25 a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya.

Daga 7 ga Oktoba zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba 2024, kyamarori shida masu hankali a Cibiyar Lura ta Elginfield, Ontario, sun rubuta hanyoyi 24,812 na tauraron ɗan Adam 5,118 daban-daban a cikin sa’o’i 230 na sararin sama mai tsabta. An daidaita hasken kowane tauraron ɗan Adam da taurarin da ke cikin hoto ɗaya.

Wa ke karya iyakar

Al’ummar da aka lura da ita tana da haske fiye da iyakar da aka ba da shawara koyaushe, musamman a cikin cunkoson tsayin kewayawa tsakanin kilomita 500 zuwa 600. Don kwatanta masu aiki cikin adalci, tawagar ta ƙirga sau nawa kowace ƙungiya ta wuce iyakar a cikin dukkan wucewar da za a iya ganinta:

• Starlink: kusan kashi 25% na wucewar da za ta yiwu — kuma, saboda yawansa, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan wucewa masu haske da yawa da aka rubuta.
• Ragowar jikin roka da aka yi amfani da su: kusan kashi 21%. Matakan roka na Breeze da Long March sun wuce iyakar a kashi 97–99% na wucewar da aka lura da su a zahiri.
• Guowang/Hulianwang, rukunin China mai tasowa: fiye da rabi na wucewar da za ta yiwu, da kowace wucewa guda da aka lura da ita. Da tauraron ɗan Adam 13,000 da aka tsara, marubutan sun yi gargaɗi cewa zai iya zama babban tushen gurɓatar sararin samaniya ta gani sai dai idan an rage haskensa.
• OneWeb: kusan kashi 6% kawai. Kewayawarsa mafi tsayi ba ita ce cikakken bayani ba, tunda wasu rukunoni a tsayi iri ɗaya ko mafi girma suna bayyana da haske sosai.

Ci gaba ma ba tabbas ba ne. Tauraron ɗan Adam na Starlink suna ta ƙara duhu daga 2020 zuwa farkon 2024, amma sababbin samfuran “Direct-to-Cell” suna da haske kusan kamar na farko-farko. Yadda haskensu ke canzawa da kusurwar kallo yana nuna walƙiya masu ƙarfi irin na madubi, waɗanda marubutan ke danganta su, cikin hankali, ga manyan eriya masu faɗi na Starlink — don haka sanya saman su yi duhu kaɗai ba zai isa ba.

Matsatsin magariba

Galibin ƙananan tauraron ɗan Adam ana iya ganinsu ne kawai lokacin da suke cikin hasken rana yayin da ƙasa ta riga ta yi duhu: a cikin sa’o’i biyu bayan faɗuwar rana da kafin fitowar rana. Wani tsari na tsayin kilomita 550 yana nuna kusan sa’o’i 3.3 na gani mai ƙarfi kowane dare, duk shekara, tsakanin digiri 35 kudu da digiri 35 arewa. Tauraron ɗan Adam mafi tsayi, kusan kilomita 1,200, suna ci gaba da samun haske a galibin dare.

Magariba tana da daraja ga masana ilimin taurari: a lokacin ne suke ɗaukar hotunan daidaitawa kuma suke farautar taurarin dutse da ke kusantar Duniya. Marubutan suna hasashen cewa mutum ƙarƙashin sama mai duhu yana ganin kusan tauraron ɗan Adam masu haske 44 a fagen ganinsa a kowane lokaci na magariba. Ga Cibiyar Lura ta Vera C. Rubin, kusan hoto ɗaya na daƙiƙa 30 na magariba cikin uku ya kamata ya ɗauke da hanyar tauraron ɗan Adam.

Iyakoki na ƙasa

Binciken ya fito ne daga wuri ɗaya a tsakiyar latitudes na arewa a cikin dare 36, da kyamarori masu tsayayye. Ya kuma rasa tauraron ɗan Adam da har yanzu ke hawa zuwa kewayawarsu ta ƙarshe, waɗanda galibi su ne mafi haske — don haka lambobin, idan ma akwai bambanci, sun yi ƙasa da gaskiya. Marubutan suna gabatar da “satellite flux” ɗinsu a matsayin ma’auni da kowace cibiyar lura za ta iya amfani da shi, kuma suna ganin sakamakon OneWeb a matsayin ma’auni da sauran masana’antar za ta iya cimmawa tun yanzu.