DIGIRI MILIYAN 100 GA ELECTRON NA WATA ƘARAMAR NA'URAR FUSION

A cikin injin fusion na nan gaba da ke “ƙonewa” da kansa, barbashin alpha da fusion ke samarwa za su ba da mafi yawan makamashinsu ga electron na plasma, ta hanyar karo. Yadda waɗannan electron za su yi zafi, da saurin da zafinsu ke zubewa, za su yanke hukunci sosai kan yadda injin zai yi aiki.

Wata hanya ta dumama electron kai tsaye ita ce da microwave: electron cyclotron resonance heating, ko ECRH. Ana tsammanin muhimmancinsa zai ƙaru a cikin ƙananan na’urorin fusion na nan gaba. Duk da haka gwaje-gwaje a kan spherical tori — na’urori ƙanana sosai da ke riƙe plasma a cikin filin maganadisu — galibi an dumama su ne da hasken barbashi masu sauri marasa caji (neutral beams), kuma an yi nazarinsu da ion masu zafi. Plasma inda electron masu zafi ake dumama su kusan da microwave kaɗai, marubutan sun rubuta, har yanzu ba a bincika su sosai ba.

Harbi 18325

Guang Yang, Yuejiang Shi da ƙungiyar EXL-50U, wani spherical torus da kamfanin ENN Fusion ke gudanarwa a Beijing, sun ba da rahoton irin wannan fitarwa (discharge). A lokacin harbi 18325, plasma ta ɗauki kusan kiloampere 500 kuma an dumama ta da microwave kaɗai a gigahertz 50, daga tsare-tsare biyu da aka yi amfani da su ɗaya bayan ɗaya: na’urar harbawa ta farko ta kusan kilowatt 230 har zuwa daƙiƙa 0.5, sannan ta biyu ta kusan kilowatt 200.

• Yayin da na’urar farko ke aiki, electron na tsakiya sun kasance kusa da 2 keV.
• Bayan sauyawar, zafinsu ya tashi da sauri. A daƙiƙa 0.60, wata na’urar binciken laser (Thomson scattering) ta auna kusan 10 keV a tsakiya. Da yake iyakokin kuskure (error bars) suna da girma, ƙungiyar ta riƙe 8.6 keV — kelvin miliyan 100 — a matsayin ƙaramin iyaka na taka-tsantsan.
• Lokacin zafin ya ɗauki kusan millisecond 150, a ƙarancin yawan tsakiya sosai na kusan barbashi 0.4 × 10¹⁹ a kowane mita mai siffar sukwaya (cubic metre), kafin ya rushe yayin da wutar lantarkin ke raguwa kuma yawan ke tashi.

Harbi 18325 a kan EXL-50U: zafin electron na tsakiya (rukuni a6) ya kai ƙololuwa kusa da daƙiƙa 0.6 bayan sauyawa zuwa tsarin microwave na biyu; rukuni B yana nuna siffar zafi mai kaifi sosai. — Figure 1, Yang et al. (2026), arXiv:2610.14684.

Da yake ƙarfin da aka shigar bai canza sosai ba a lokacin sauyawar, marubutan sun danganta tsallen da canji a inda na’urar harbawa ta biyu ke ajiye makamashinta — a gefen tsakiyar layin (axis), bisa ga ƙirar bin hanyar haske (ray-tracing) tasu. Ainihin hanyar, da kuma ko bambancin polarisation na raƙuman biyu ne babban dalili, har yanzu ba a sani ba.

Electron masu zafi, ion masu sanyi

Siffar zafin tana da kaifi sosai: tana faɗuwa zuwa kusan 1 keV a rabin hanya zuwa gefe, yayin da yawan ke kasancewa kusan daidai. Zafin ya taru kusa da tsakiyar layi.

Ba a auna ion ba a lokacin zafin. A ranar ɗaya, wata na’urar bakan X-ray (X-ray spectrometer) ta gano ion na tsakiya sun taru kusa da 0.5 keV, kuma a harbe-harben da ke kusa, rabon zafin electron da na ion ya ƙaru yayin da yawan ke raguwa. Wato, a ƙarancin yawa electron da ion na wannan plasma sun rabu sosai: digiri miliyan 100 na electron ne kawai.

Ƙungiyar ta kuma yi ƙirar yadda zafi ke kuɓuta. Zafin electron yana zubewa sau 100 zuwa 10,000 da sauri fiye da yadda ka’idar karo mafi sauƙi ke hasashe — abin da masana kimiyyar lissafi ke kira anomalous transport — amma ƙasa da haka kusa da tsakiyar layi sosai. Kwaikwayo suna nuna nau’o’i biyu na rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙananan sikeli, ɗaya a tsakiya ɗaya kuma a rabin radius; marubutan sun jaddada cewa waɗannan ba hasashe ne na adadin asarar zafi ba.

Abin da za a tuna

Zafin tsakiya yana zuwa da sharuɗɗa da marubutan suka bayyana a sarari. Ma’aunin yana da hayaniya a irin wannan ƙarancin yawa; yana ɗauka cewa electron suna bin rarraba zafi ta yau da kullum, kuma ba a warware electron masu sauri “marasa zafi” (non-thermal) da microwave ke iya samarwa ba. An ɗauka matakin ƙazanta (impurity) na plasma ne, ba a auna shi ba.

Akwai kuma rikicin muradu da ya kamata a lura da shi. Marubutan suna da alaƙa da ENN Fusion, kamfani mai zaman kansa da ke gudanar da EXL-50U, kuma wani kamfanin ENN ne ya ɗauki nauyin aikin. Sun bayyana cewa babu rikici kuma sun ce mai ɗaukar nauyin bai taka wata rawa a nazarin ba. Duk da haka, wannan kamfani ne ke ba da rahoton wani muhimmin ci gaba na na’urarsa ta kansa, a cikin gajeriyar takardar preprint da ba a yi mata bitar takwarorin masana (peer review) ba.