MUON SUN GANI CIKIN ƘIRJI A KARON FARKO

Muon ’yan’uwan electron ne masu nauyi, sun fi shi nauyi kusan sau 200. Wannan nauyin yana bar muon masu sauri su ratsa kauri mai yawa na abu yayin da suke rasa ɗan makamashi kaɗan. Hasken sararin samaniya (cosmic rays) suna zubar da su a saman Duniya kullum, kuma masana kimiyyar lissafi sun mayar da su kayan aikin ɗaukar hoto: muography. Ta binciki duwatsu masu aman wuta, ƙanƙarar dutse (glaciers) da wuraren tarihi, kuma sanannen abu shi ne ta bayyana wani babban fili da ba a sani ba a cikin Babbar Dala ta Giza.

Dabara ta biyu, tomography ta warwatsewar muon (muon scattering tomography), tana auna yawan karkatar da kowane muon ke yi yayin da yake ratsa wani abu. Abubuwa masu yawa da nauyi suna karkatar da muon sosai, shi ya sa ake amfani da wannan hanya wajen binciken kaya da neman kayan nukiliya da aka kare.

Mafi raunin alama da za a iya samu

Jikin ɗan adam shi ne akasin haka. Nama mai laushi an yi shi da sinadarai masu sauƙi kuma yawansu (density) kusan iri ɗaya ne. Karkatarwar da suke haifarwa ta fi ƙanƙanta da ninki da yawa fiye da na uranium ko ƙarfe. Ko tomography ta muon za ta iya ganin wani abu a cikin nama mai laushi tambaya ce a buɗe.

Sha’awar gaskiya ce: muon na biliyoyin electronvolt kaɗan suna ratsa jiki suna barin ɗan makamashi kaɗan. Marubutan ba su ga suna maye gurbin na’urorin X-ray ba, sai dai a matsayin ƙari mai yiwuwa inda ƙaramin adadin haske ko maimaita ɗaukar hoto ke da muhimmanci. Matsalar ita ce tushen: kwararar halitta daga sararin samaniya ta yi rauni sosai, kuma hasken muon mai ƙarfi yana samuwa ne kawai a manyan na’urorin hanzarta (accelerators).

Ƙirjin roba cikin hasken CERN

Dipanwita Banerjee na CERN da abokan aiki daga ETH Zurich da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ƙwayoyin Halitta (Institute of Corpuscular Physics) a Valencia sun aro samfurin ƙirji na Alderson (Alderson thorax phantom) daga Asibitocin Jami’ar Geneva. Wani gunki ne da ake amfani da shi wajen auna adadin haske a asibiti: jiki na roba mai kama da nama mai huhu, zuciya, hanta da cikakken kwarangwal da aka yi da abu mai kama da ƙashi.

A watan Afrilu 2026, sun sanya shi cikin hasken muon na 2 GeV/c a Proton Synchrotron na CERN. Na’urorin ganowa biyu a gaba da biyu a baya sun rubuta hanyar kowane muon da ke shiga da fita, wanda ke ba da karkatarsa. Sun juya samfurin da hannu zuwa kusurwa bakwai kuma sun riƙe muon 293,035.

Wani gangar jiki na roba mai haske mai haƙarƙari yana tsaye a kan faifai mai juyawa tsakanin nau’i-nau’i na na’urorin ganowa masu zagaye, kibiya kore tana nuna hasken.

Samfurin ƙirji na Alderson tsakanin na’urorin bin diddigi na gaba (T1, T2) da na baya (T3, T4) a layin haske na T9 na CERN. — Hoto na 1, Banerjee, Banto Oberhauser, Crivelli & Molina Bueno (2026), arXiv:2610.16647.

Sake gina hoton na farko yana cike da hayaniya sosai. Don haka ƙungiyar ta ƙara hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi mai girma uku (3D neural network) da ke cire hayaniya, wadda aka horar kawai a kan samfura 50 na kwaikwayo masu gaɓoɓi da aka canza girmansu ba bisa ka’ida ba — ba a taɓa horar da ita a kan bayanan gaske ba.

Cikin 1% na gaskiya

Hasken ya kasance siriri, kusan santimita 6 da 4. Ƙaramin yanki ne kawai aka gani daga dukan kusurwa bakwai: wani shinge na kusan santimita 8 a kusa da zuciya, 0.8% na jikin. Dukan sakamako masu daidaito sun shafi wannan wurin.

Taswirori uku na samfurin da ke nuna tsakiya mai launin ja mai duhu da aka gani daga dukan kusurwa bakwai, kewaye da yankunan da aka gani daga ƙananan kusurwoyi.

Waɗanne sassan samfurin ne hasken ya kai a zahiri: tsakiya mai launin ja mai duhu an gan shi daga dukan kusurwa bakwai, kusan 0.8% na jikin. — Hoto na 2, Banerjee, Banto Oberhauser, Crivelli & Molina Bueno (2026), arXiv:2610.16647.

A wannan tsakiya, yawan warwatsewa da aka auna ya kasance 1.304 × 10⁻⁴ rad²/m, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 1.297 × 10⁻⁴ da ake tsammani daga kwaikwayo: daidaito mai bambanci ƙasa da 1%, ba tare da sake daidaitawa ba.
Canza tsananin tace hanyoyin da suka ɓata ya matsar da hoton farko da 15%, amma sakamakon hanyar sadarwar da ƙasa da 1%.
A wajen tsakiyar, haƙarƙari, ƙashin ƙirji (sternum) da ƙashin baya sun bayyana kusan inda ya kamata, da yawa kusa da daidai na ƙashi, amma an miƙa su zuwa layuka.

Abin da hanyar ta rasa shi ma yana da ma’ana. Bangon zuciyar samfurin yana ɗauke da ƙananan lahani masu cike da iska na mililita 9 zuwa 14. Ba a dawo da su ba: alamarsu, kusan 10%, tana a matakin hayaniyar ƙididdiga. Marubutan sun ƙiyasta cewa muon ninki goma za su kai su bakin ganuwa.

Microgray biyu

Kowane voxel na tsakiyar kusan muon 58 ne suka ratsa shi. Marubutan sun ƙiyasta adadin hasken a wurin da kusan microgray 2, da kusan 20 idan muon sun ninka sau goma. Don kwatanta, sun ambaci kusan millisievert 0.1 ga X-ray na ƙirji da kusan 6 ga CT scan na ƙirji — yayin da suke gargaɗi cewa ba za a iya kwatanta waɗannan adadi kai tsaye ba kuma tantancewar asibiti za ta buƙaci cikakken lissafin adadin haske.

Daga na’urar hanzarta zuwa asibiti?

A cewar marubutan, wannan shi ne nuni na farko na gwaji na tomography ta warwatsewar muon a kan nama mai laushi. Tsarin asibiti zai buƙaci kusurwoyi da yawa da kuma daidaitawa daidai har ƙasa da milimita. Abubuwan da zai fi dacewa da su za su kasance raunuka masu bambancin yawa bayyananne, kamar ƙulli mai ƙarfi a cikin huhu mai cike da iska, ko nama mai ƙunshe da calcium. Komai yanzu ya dogara ga tushen muon: ƙungiyar tana nuni ga ƙananan na’urorin hanzarta da laser ke tafiyarwa, waɗanda ke alƙawarin hasken daga wuraren da girmansu ya kai ɗaki.