MATUƘI ƊAYA A BAYAN JIRGI YANA AIKI KAMAR FIKAFIKI

Kayak, kwale-kwale da jiragen ruwa masu matuƙa suna tura ruwa galibi ta hanyar ja (drag): ana jan ruwan matuƙin cikin ruwa, sannan a ɗaga shi waje don dawowa. Tuƙi da matuƙi ɗaya daga baya yana yin wani abu daban. Doguwar matuƙi ɗaya tana kwance a wani ɗan rami ko maƙalli a bayan jirgin, ruwan matuƙinta koyaushe ƙarƙashin ruwa. Mai tuƙin, wanda galibi yake fuskantar baya, yana kaɗa hannun matuƙin daga gefe zuwa gefe, hannayensa suna zana alamar mara iyaka “∞”, yayin da yake murɗa matuƙin a kewayen gindinsa don saita kusurwar ruwan matuƙin. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan dabara a sassa da dama na duniya, amma galibi masana al’adun jama’a da masana injiniyar jiki ne suka yi nazarinta. G. Roudaut (ƙungiyar Tud Yaouank Ar Mor, Lampaul-Plouarzel), B. Augier (IFREMER) da M. Rabaud (Jami’ar Paris-Saclay da CNRS) sun tashi don duba ta a matsayin matsalar injiniyar ruwa masu gudana (fluid mechanics).

Matuƙi cike da na’urori

Jirgin gwajinsu yana da tsawon mita 4.74, faɗin mita 1.63 kuma nauyinsa kusan kilogram 100 idan babu komai a ciki, da doguwar ƙashin ƙasa (keel) mara zurfi — tuƙi da matuƙi ɗaya daga baya ya fi aiki da jirgi mai ɗan nauyi kuma mai ƙashin ƙasa, saboda matuƙin yana tura bayan jirgin hagu da dama a jere. Matuƙin na carbon yana da tsawon mita 3.62, da ruwan matuƙi na katako mai tsawon mita ɗaya wanda yankansa ya yi daidai daga hagu zuwa dama kuma yana da ɗan lanƙwasa kaɗan.

Ma’aunai sun auna ƙarfin hannaye a kan hannun matuƙin da na ramin a kan matuƙin. Na’urorin gano motsi biyu sun bi matuƙin da jirgin, kuma wani ma’aunin gudu mai ƙafa, wanda aka daidaita da GPS, ya auna gudu. Saboda matuƙin ba shi da nauyi, ƙarfin da ke kansa kusan suna daidaita juna, don haka an iya fitar da turawar ruwa a kan ruwan matuƙin daga ƙarfi biyun da aka auna. Ƙwararrun masu tuƙi biyu kowannensu ya ɗauki jirgin a kan ruwa mai natsuwa daga tsayawa zuwa mafi girman gudun da suka iya kaiwa.

Fikafiki, sannan turawa

Bugun yana da matakai huɗu: kaɗawa zuwa wani gefe, saurin murɗa matuƙin, kaɗawa zuwa ɗayan gefe, wani murɗawa.

• Yayin kaɗawar, ruwa yana haɗuwa da ruwan matuƙin a ƙananan kusurwoyi kuma yana gudana a kansa a santsi. Ruwan matuƙin yana aiki kamar fikafiki, kuma ƙarfin ɗagawa (lift) yana tura jirgin. Wani lissafi yanki-yanki a tsawon ruwan matuƙin, ta amfani da wani shirin kwamfuta na ƙa’ida don siffar fikafiki, ya ba da turawar newton 35 a wani lokaci, idan aka kwatanta da newton 31 da aka auna.
• Yayin murɗawar, ruwan matuƙin yana fuskantar gudanar ruwan na ɗan lokaci. Ja na yau da kullum zai ba da newton 2 zuwa 10 kawai, amma ƙungiyar ta auna 20 zuwa 45. Bambancin shi ne ƙarin nauyi (added mass): ruwan matuƙin yana ƙara sauri da ƙarfi kuma dole ne ya sa wani adadin ruwa ya motsa tare da shi. Ƙiyasinsu, kusan newton 70, ya isa ya bayyana ƙarfin da aka auna.

Dukkan matakai huɗu suna tura jirgin gaba, ko da turawar tana kusan kaiwa sifili sau biyu a kowane zagaye. A mita 1.2 a daƙiƙa, matsakaicin turawa ya kasance newton 19.4. Gefen hagu da dama na ruwan matuƙin suna bi da bi wajen zama gefen gaba, abin da marubutan suka ce ya bambanta da turawa a duniyar dabbobi, inda fikafikai da ƙege galibi suke riƙe gefen gaba ɗaya. A cikin sawun ruwa, guguwar ruwa da ke ɓallewa a kowane juyi suna samar da jeri mai karkacewa da ke ɗauke ruwa baya.

Kashi 65% a gudun tafiya

Raba ƙarfin da aka kai wa jirgin da ƙarfin da mai tuƙin ke sa wa matuƙin yana ba da inganci. Yana tashi a ƙaramin gudu, yana kai ƙoli a kashi 65 ± 5% kusan mita 1.2 a daƙiƙa, sannan ya faɗi zuwa kusan kashi 25% kusan mita 2 a daƙiƙa. Don kwatanci, marubutan sun ambaci kusan kashi 75% ga farfelar jirgin ruwa a gudun da aka tsara ta da shi da kuma ga mafi kyawun tuƙin kwale-kwale na gargajiya.

Abubuwa biyu suna lalacewa a gudu mai yawa, sun bayyana. Don riƙe kusurwa mai kyau a kan ruwan matuƙin, dole hannaye su motsa gefe da sauri fiye da yadda jikin ɗan adam zai ji daɗi. Kuma yana zama da wuya a jawo matuƙin baya da sauri isasshe yayin murɗawar — har da haɗarin ɗaga shi daga ramin sa. A halin yanzu, jirgin kansa yana kusantar muhimmin gudunsa, inda samar da raƙuman ruwa ke zama babban ja: ƙarfin da ake buƙata ya ninka sau goma a cikin kewayon da aka gwada, kuma masu tuƙin ba su iya yin sauri fiye da haka ba duk da samar da kusan watt 300.

Akwai fili don matuƙi mafi kyau

Ƙungiyar ta gwada matuƙi mai ƙarfi da gangan don a sauƙaƙe ma’aunai. Ainihin masu tuƙi kan fi son ɗan lanƙwasa, kuma marubutan suna ba da shawarar cewa ruwan matuƙi mai lanƙwasawa, matuƙi mafi tsawo ko ruwan matuƙi mai lanƙwasa zuwa ƙasa zai iya riƙe kusurwoyi mafiya kyau a gudu. Tsara mafi kyawun matuƙi ga jirgin tuƙi da matuƙi ɗaya, sun kammala, “yana ƙunshe da sasantawa da yawa, har da ƙarfin da mai tuƙin ke samarwa.”