MATATAR POLARIZATION TANA KAIFAFA ABIN DA AKE GANI TA CIKIN ITACE MAI RATSA HASKE

Faranti na itacen balsa mai kaurin milimita ɗaya, da aka cire masa lignin — sinadarin da ke shanye haske — aka cika shi da roba mai tsabta (clear plastic), yana ba ka damar hango wani gini da ke nisan kusan mita 200.

Duk da haka abin da ake gani yana ci gaba da kama da madara. Ilimin haske (optics) yana kiran wannan hazo (haze): kason hasken da ke wucewa amma ake karkatar da shi daga madaidaiciyar hanya. Yawan hazo, yawan dusashewar hoto. Ga wata ƙungiya a KTH Royal Institute of Technology da Stockholm University, a Sweden, hazo shi ne abin da har yanzu ke raba wannan abu da “gilashin itace” (wooden glass), zaɓi mai sabuntuwa ga tagogi — gilashi na yau da kullum, sun lura, yana cin makamashi mai yawa wajen yinsa kuma ya dogara da albarkatu mai ƙarewa, yashin gindin koguna.

Kashi casa’in yana wucewa, mai yawa daga ciki ya kauce hanya

Robarsu, PMMA, an ƙara mata wata ƙwayar sinadari (molecule) da ake kira phenanthrene. Wannan yana ɗaga ma’aunin lanƙwasa haske (refractive index) ɗinta — lamba da ke tantance yadda abu ke lanƙwasa haske da ƙarfi — zuwa kusan 1.53, kusa da na bangon ƙwayoyin halitta (cell walls) na itacen. Idan abubuwa biyu suna da ma’auni ɗaya, haske yana ratsawa tsakaninsu ba tare da lanƙwasa ba. Itacen yana ɗaukar 8% kawai na girman (volume) farantin.

A haske na yau da kullum mara polarization, farantin yana barin kusan 90% na hasken kore ya wuce (tsawon raƙumi, wavelength, nanometer 550) da kusan 92% na jan haske mai zurfi, kusa da 800. Sai dai hazo yana sauka ne kawai daga kusan 60% a hasken shunayya (nanometer 400) zuwa 43% a kore da kusan 30% a ja mai zurfi. A ƙididdigar marubutan, ban da ’yan kaɗan, mafi kyawun hazo zuwa yanzu ga samfuran da ke da yawan cellulose masu kaurin aƙalla milimita ɗaya yana kewaye da 50%. Gilashin itace mai amfani, sun rubuta, yana buƙatar hazo ƙasa da haka aƙalla ninki goma.

Juya girgizar haske

Haske raƙumi ne da filin wutar lantarkinsa ke girgiza a wata takamammiyar hanya: wato polarization ɗinsa. Matatar polarization tana barin hanya ɗaya kawai ta wuce. Ƙungiyar ta juya wannan hanya daga 0° (a tsawon zaren itacen) zuwa 90° (a tsallakensu), tana tattara hasken da ya fito da integrating sphere, wani ƙwallo mara komai a ciki da ke tattara shi daga kowace hanya.

• A tsallaken zaren, hazo yana sauka zuwa kusan 21% a jan haske mai zurfi, kusa da nanometer 800 — yana kusantar, marubutan sun lura, matakin gilashi mai datti.
• A tsawon zaren, hazo yana ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma sosai kuma da ƙyar yake canzawa da tsawon raƙumi.
• Da wani laser na daban a nanometer 532, hazo yana sauka daga 55.9% a 0° zuwa 40.7% a 90°; haske mara polarization yana ba da kusan 45%.
• Jimillar hasken da ke wucewa da ƙyar take motsawa. Kason da ake karkatarwa ne kaɗai ke canzawa.

Wani samfurin tunani da aka tabbatar (certified reference sample) ya ba da hazo iri ɗaya a duka polarization biyu, don haka tasirin ba daga na’urar auna yake ba. Farantin da aka yi da PMMA na yau da kullum wanda ba a daidaita ba yana ci gaba da hazo ko ta wace hanya: kusan 86% a tsawon zaren, 79% a tsallakensu.

Hazo yana raguwa yayin da tsawon raƙumi ke ƙaruwa, mafi sauri idan haske yana da polarization a tsallaken zaren (90°), kuma da ƙyar ma a tsawonsu (0°); a nanometer 532 yana sauka daga kusan 56% zuwa 41% yayin da isar da haske ke tsakanin 86% da 90%. — Figure 2, Song et al. (2026), arXiv:2610.33459.

Ma’auni ɗaya a tsawon zaren, wani a tsallakensu

Mai laifin shi ne cellulose, kwarangwal mai tsarin lu’ulu’u (crystalline) da ke ba haɗaɗɗen abin (composite) ƙarfinsa. Cellulose yana da ma’aunin lanƙwasa biyu (birefringent): ma’aunin lanƙwasa haskensa ya dogara da polarization. Da ƙimomin wakilci da aka yi amfani da su a cikin takardar binciken, robar tana kusan 1.53, cellulose kuma kusan 1.52 a tsallaken zaren da 1.58 a tsawonsu: rashin daidaito na 0.01 a hanya ɗaya, 0.05 a ɗayar. Saboda haka haske da ke girgiza a tsallaken zaren yana haɗuwa da abu kusan daidaitacce kuma da ƙyar ake karkatar da shi; a tsawonsu, rashin daidaiton da ya ninka sau biyar yana watsa shi.

A tsallaken zaren, hazo yana raguwa kamar ɗaya bisa murabba’in tsawon raƙumi, tare da wani tsayayyen ƙari na kusan maki 8 na kashi (percentage points) da mai yiwuwa ya fito daga rashin santsin saman (surface roughness) (daidaito kusan cikakke: R² = 0.994, inda 1 ke nufin cikakke). A iyakar Rayleigh ta gargajiya (classical Rayleigh limit), wadda ke ɗaukar masu watsa haske (scatterers) — ƙananan siffofi da ke karkatar da haske daga hanya — a matsayin ƙanana har kusan ba su da girma, dokar za ta fi tsauri nesa ba kusa ba: ɗaya bisa tsawon raƙumi a ƙarfi na huɗu. Gangaren mai sauƙi a maimakon haka ya dace da ɗigo-ɗigo masu ɗan bambanci kaɗan kuma masu takamaiman girma (finite size), waɗanda wani samfuri da ake kira Rayleigh–Gans–Debye ke bayyanawa. Idan aka yi amfani da shi kan siraran silinda, da rashin daidaito na 0.02 zuwa 0.01, yana ba da girma da aka saba na nanometer 50 zuwa 200 — ƙiyasi ne da ya dogara da zato, ba ma’auni ba. Wannan ya fi ƙanƙanta nesa ba kusa ba da kogon ƙwayoyin halittar itacen, masu faɗin kusan micrometer 30: masu watsa hasken suna cikin bangon ƙwayoyin halittar.

Giɓin iska za su yi akasin haka: siraran giɓi a tsawon zaren za su fi watsa haske mai polarization a tsallakensu. Hotunan na’urar hangen ƙananan abubuwa ta electron (electron microscope) ba su nuna wani giɓi bayyananne tsakanin robar da bangon ba a yankunan da aka bincika.

Faci-faci a cikin bango

Da watsar electron mai bincike wuri-wuri (scanning electron diffraction), wani hasken electron (electron beam) yana ratsa yanka mai kaurin nanometer 200 duk bayan nanometer 30; tsarin da ake samu a kowane wuri yana nuna ko akwai cellulose mai tsari a wurin. Ƙungiyar ta kwatanta farantan da aka yi tare da jiƙawa a sodium hydroxide da marasa jiƙawa; jiƙawar tana kumbura bangon don robar ta iya shiga. Alamun cellulose suna bayyana a 98% na wurare ba tare da jiƙawar ba, 51% tare da ita.

Bangon da aka sarrafa suna samar da tsari kamar faci: tabo masu tsarin lu’ulu’u bayyanannu kusa da yankuna masu rauni ko babu alama, mai yiwuwa masu yawan roba. Jiƙawar tana ci gaba da zama dole, domin tana barin robar ta cika ramukan da za su watsa haske da ƙarfi fiye da haka nesa. Burin marubutan shi ne su riƙe ta yayin da suke sa facin da ke maƙwabtaka da juna su yi kama ta fuskar haske.

Haske da ke tafiya madaidaici

An auna lokacin fitowar bugun laser (laser pulses) masu ɗaukar femtosecond 150 (kashi ɗaya cikin miliyan na kashi ɗaya cikin biliyan na daƙiƙa), masu polarization a tsallaken zaren; hasken da ke karkacewa ta cikin itacen zai iso a makare ya baza kowane bugu. Matsar da ramin tattarawa (slit) milimita 0.70 daga tsakiya ya rage hasken zuwa 19% na ƙimarsa ta tsakiya, amma bugun sun ci gaba da faɗin picosecond 5 zuwa 8 (kashi ɗaya cikin tiriliyan na daƙiƙa) — ɗan fiye da dusashewar kyamarar kanta ta kusan picosecond 4 — ba tare da miƙewa ba — sabanin itace na halitta a ma’aunai na baya. Hasken yana bin hanyoyi kusan madaidaita. A kusan hazo na 20%, marubutan sun ƙiyasta yiwuwar a watsa photon sau biyu a cikin farantin da ’yan kashi kaɗan.

Matata maimakon sabon girke-girke

Daga nan ƙungiyar ta ɗauki hoton wani tambari da katin launuka a santimita 30 bayan farantin, a hasken ɗaki.

Tambarin da katin launuka iri ɗaya da ake gani ta cikin farantin shi kaɗai (a), tare da matatar polarization a tsawon zaren (b) da a tsallakensu (c), a nisan santimita 30. — Figure 5, Song et al. (2026), arXiv:2610.33459.

Ta cikin farantin tsirara, ana gane tambarin amma haruffansa ba su kaifafa ba. Da matatar a tsawon zaren, tambarin yana ƙara dushewa. Idan aka juya ta zuwa tsallakensu, haruffan suna kaifafa kuma iyakokin tsakanin launuka suna ƙara bayyana — a cikin hoto mafi duhu, farashin riƙe polarization ɗaya kawai.