Fitowar 28 Oktoba, 2026

Littafin Voynich yana ɗauke da kusan shafuka 240 na tsirrai, taurari da wani rubutu da ba a sani ba. Babu wanda zai iya karanta shi. Shin surutu ne mara ma'ana da wani marubuci mai kwafi ya rubuta, ko kuwa harshe ne a bayan rubutun sirri (cipher)?

Masu bincike biyu a Amurka sun mayar da kowane ra'ayi manhaja da ke rubuta shafukan. A kan halayen da ba a taɓa amfani da su wajen daidaita su ba, kwafi ya fi rubutun sirri mai maɓalli ɗaya. Amma rubutun sirri masu maɓalli na biyu sun yi daidai da shi.

Don haka sun nemi alamar harshe na gaske. A rubutu 28 na harsuna 16, kalmomin da ke tafiya tare suna ci gaba da raba layi ɗaya. Littafin yana nuna hakan da rabin ƙarfin mafi raunin cikinsu.

Manhajojin warware sirri, da aka fara gwada su kan rubutun da aka sani, ba su sami komai mai karantuwa a cikinsa ba. Duk da haka akwai rubutun sirri ɗaya da har yanzu ya tsira, tare da marubuci mai kwafi da ke kuskuren kwafin kalmomi da yawa. Gajerun saƙonni a ɓoye ma za su iya kuɓucewa.

Tushe: Does the Voynich Manuscript Mean Anything? Calibrated Tests Find Little Trace of Language, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34499

Zana ɗigo 10 a kan takarda. Haɗa kowane biyu da layi mai lanƙwasa, da ƙetarewa kaɗan gwargwadon iko. Ko da yaya wayonka, aƙalla ƙetarewa 60 za su rage.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, mai zane ɗan Birtaniya Anthony Hill ya zana su ga kowane adadin ɗigo. Adadin ƙetarewarsa sun dace da wata dabara (formula) mai sauƙi guda ɗaya. Ko wani zai iya yin abin da ya fi haka? Fiye da shekaru 60, babu wanda ya iya tabbatar da cewa amsar a'a ce.

A 2026, OpenAI ta sanar da hujja ga kowane adadin ɗigo. Masanin lissafi Martin Balko yanzu ya sake rubuta ta, a taƙaice kuma cikin sauƙin bi. Tana buƙatar ilimin farko na linear algebra da ka'idar jadawalai (graph theory) kawai.

Dabarar: a ba kowane ɗigo lamba, sannan a ƙirga coefficients na polynomial. Ƙetarewa ƙasa da abin da dabarar ta faɗa za su tilasta samuwar polynomial da ba zai yiwu ba. Hujjar ɗaya kuma ta warware wasu iyalai da dama na hanyoyin haɗi (networks).

Tushe: Proof of the Harary–Hill conjecture: an exposition, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34444

Idan cibiyar tauraro ta rushe, kusan 99% na makamashin yana fita ne a matsayin neutrino. A dukkan sararin duniya, wannan yana faruwa sau 'yan kaɗan a kowace daƙiƙa. Kusa da mu, sau 'yan kaɗan ne kawai a kowane ƙarni.

Dukkan waɗannan neutrino suna haɗuwa su zama kwarara mara ƙarfi kuma mai dorewa daga kowace hanya. Shin wani zai iya kama ta? Super-Kamiokande yana tsammanin abubuwa 'yan kaɗan ne kawai a shekara.

Ƙungiyar ta tankaɗe bayanan kwanaki 5,003, daga 2008 zuwa 2026. Antineutrino, wani nau'in neutrino, idan ya bugi proton yana haifar da walƙiya da neutron, wanda ake kamawa bayan ɗan lokaci ƙanƙani. Buƙatar dukansu biyu tana kawar da mafi yawan hayaniya (noise) daga hasken sararin samaniya (cosmic rays).

Sakamako: alama ta sigma 2.6, ba hujja ba tukuna. Da hayaniyar baya (background) kaɗai, bayanai irin waɗannan ba za su cika yiwuwa ba. Marubutan sun nuna rashin dacewar wannan ra'ayi a matakin tabbaci na 99.5%.

Tushe: Indication of Electron Antineutrinos from the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35619

Tauraron Boyajian ya shahara da raguwar haske mai zurfi kuma mara tsari. Wasu raguwar sun tare 15%, har ma 22%, na haskensa. A 2019, tauraron ɗan adam (satellite) TESS ya kama wani lamari mafi tsabta: raguwa ɗaya mai kyau ta kusan 1.1%.

Ayyukan baya sun danganta shi da wata katuwar duniya mai nauyin Jupiter kusan 9.4. Abin da ke da ban mamaki shi ne girmanta: ninki 1.7 na radius ɗin Jupiter. Samfurori (models) sun ce irin wannan katuwar duniya mai sanyi da nauyi ya kamata ta yi girman Jupiter.

Masana falaki biyu a Beijing sun ba da shawarar mafita. Me zai faru idan duniya ta al'ada tana sanye da wani katon zobe da haske ba ya ratsawa (opaque)? Sakamakon da ya fi dacewa a gare su: zobe shimfiɗaɗɗe da ya kai radius uku zuwa huɗu na duniyar.

Hujja? Har yanzu babu: a ƙididdiga, zobe da rashin zobe kusan kunnen doki ne. Amma zoben yana mayar da duniyar ta al'ada. Kuma idan zoben yana nuna yadda take juyawa, to tana juyawa a kwance a gefenta, kamar Uranus.

Tushe: The anomalously large transiting planet around Boyajian's star: evidence for a circumplanetary ring, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34806

Ƙwallo yana lanƙwasa iri ɗaya a kowace hanya. Gefen ƙwallon rugby ba haka yake ba: yana lanƙwasa da ƙarfi a kewaye, a hankali a tsawonsa. Wurin da ke lanƙwasa daidai a kowace hanya ana kiransa “umbilic”.

Hasashe biyu (conjectures) sun shafi waɗannan wurare. Na Carathéodory: kowane rufaffen saman da ke kumbura waje yana da aƙalla biyu. Na Loewner: a kewayen ɗaya, hanyoyin lanƙwasa mafi ƙarfi suna juyawa sau ɗaya a mafi yawa. A kan irin waɗannan sama, jimillar waɗannan juye-juye a koyaushe biyu ce.

A ranar 19 ga Agusta, L. Alpöge ya sanar da misalai masu santsi da suka saɓa (counterexamples) wa dukansu biyu. AI ta taimaka wajen samar da su. Yanzu masana lissafi biyu a Japan sun wallafa wata hanya mafi sauƙi. Irinta (seed) gajeriyar dabara ce ta sines.

Sakamakon? Saman mai santsi, kusan zagaye, mai kumbura waje, da umbilic guda ɗaya tilo. A kewayensa, hanyoyin lanƙwasa suna yin cikakken juyi biyu. Yana da santsi, amma ba “analytic” ba ne, wani nau'in santsi mafi tsauri.

Tushe: A simple construction of smooth counterexamples to the Loewner and Carathéodory conjectures, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34036

Tun daga 5 ga Janairu 2025, tuƙi zuwa kudancin Manhattan, har zuwa 60th Street, yana da farashi. A lokutan cunkoso, mota tana biyan $9. Shi ne kuɗin hanya (toll) na dindindin na farko irinsa a Amurka. Shin tituna sun zama fanko?

Wani mai bincike a University of Kansas ya kwatanta na'urorin ƙirga zirga-zirga a cikin yankin da kuma arewacinsa. Mafi kyawun ƙiyasi: raguwar motoci da kashi 41.7% a kowace awa. Wannan kusan ninki biyu ne na raguwar da aka gani a Stockholm.

Amma a cikin yankin, ƙiyasin ya dogara ne kan sassan hanya uku kawai. Gefen kuskurensa ya haɗa da sifili. A mayar da ranar farawa baya da shekara ɗaya, sai wata "raguwa" ta bayyana ita ma.

Alama ɗaya ta fi ƙarfi: zirga-zirga a kan gadojin da ke cikin samfurin ta ƙaru da 25%. Wasu direbobi na iya zagaya yankin. Don haka, zane na farko ne, ba hukunci ba tukuna.

Tushe: Cordon Tolls and Urban Traffic Volumes: Evidence from NYC's 2025 Congestion Relief Zone, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.34818

Wani abokin tafiya na kusa ya kwaɓe wa wannan tauraro ɓawonsa na waje na hydrogen. Abin da ya rage ƙarami ne, mai zafi sosai, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kusan ninki 3.4 na na Rana. Yana kewaya wani abokin tafiya da ba a gani duk bayan awa 4.2.

Me wannan abokin tafiya zai iya zama? Babu tauraro na al'ada da zai iya shiga cikin kewaya mai matsewa haka. Kuma tauraro na biyu da aka kwaɓe zai bayyana a cikin bakan haske (spectra).

Ƙarfin janyewar abokin tafiyar yana miƙa tauraron, don haka haskensa yana kai-da-kawowa. Wannan kai-da-kawowa yana ba da yiwuwar 99.4% cewa abokin tafiyar ya wuce Rana 1.4, iyakar nauyin farin dodo (white dwarf). Amsar da ta fi yiwuwa: tauraron neutron (neutron star), cibiyar da ta rushe ta tauraron da ya fashe.

Sai samfurin kwamfuta ya nuna abin da zai faru nan gaba. Tauraron ya kamata ya fashe ya bar tauraron neutron na biyu a haɗe da na farko. Bayan shekaru miliyan 220, su biyun za su murɗa zuwa juna su haɗe.

Tushe: An Intermediate Mass Stripped Star in a 4.2-hour Orbit around a Compact Object, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35539

Dandamalin ƙanƙara (ice shelves) na Antarctica faranti ne na ƙanƙara da ke iyo a kan teku. Tekun da ke ƙarƙashinsu ne ke ƙayyade saurin narkewarsu. Ruwan sanyi yana narkar da kaɗan. Ruwan zurfi mai ɗumi yana narkar da yawa.

Sanyin yana fitowa daga polynyas, wurare na buɗaɗɗen teku a gaban ƙanƙarar. Ƙanƙarar teku tana samuwa a can da sauri kuma tana barin gishirinta a baya. Wannan ruwa mai nauyi, mai gishiri yana nutsewa ya gauraya tekun har zuwa ƙasa.

Wata tawagar Faransa da Australia ta gina dandamalin ƙanƙara mai sauƙi a kwamfuta. Sun ƙara wannan gishiri mataki-mataki, sannan suka rage shi, kowace hanya tsawon shekaru 160 na kwaikwayo. Da ruwan zurfi mai 1 °C, tekun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar ya zama mai sanyi a wani mataki. Ya sake zama mai ɗumi ne kawai a rabin wannan matakin.

Me yasa wannan tunawa? Wani ruwa mai juyawa kamar guguwa yana tsare ruwan narkewa kusa da gaban ƙanƙarar. A cire wannan juyi, sai sauyin ya zama mai juyuwa (reversible). Shin dandamalin ƙanƙara na gaske ma suna makalewa? Wannan samfuri shi kaɗai ba zai iya faɗi ba.

Tushe: Bistability of ice-shelf cavity circulation and melt under coastal polynya forcing, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35359

Ka cire wa itace abin da ke shanye haske, ka cika shi da roba (plastic): sai ya zama mai ratsa haske. Faranti mai kaurin milimita 1 yana barin kusan 90% na haske ya wuce. To me ya sa abin da ake gani a bayansa yake kama da madara?

Wannan kamannin madara ana kiransa hazo (haze). Haske ne da ke wucewa amma ake karkatar da shi daga hanyarsa. Filin wutar lantarki (electric field) na haske kuma yana girgiza a hanya ɗaya, wato polarization ɗinsa. Wata ƙungiya a Sweden ta tambayi ko wannan hanya tana da tasiri.

Tana da tasiri sosai. Idan haske yana girgiza a tsallaken zaren itacen, hazo yana sauka zuwa kusan 21% a jan haske. A tsawon zaren, yana ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Dalili: cellulose yana lanƙwasa haske daban a kowace hanya.

Ba a buƙatar sabon girke-girke. Sanya matatar polarization a tsallaken zaren, sai tambari (logo) da ke nisan santimita 30 ya fi bayyana sarai. Hoton yana ƙara duhu, amma ana karanta haruffan sosai.

Tushe: Polarization-resolved haze in transparent wood - towards wooden glass, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33459

A 2022, kumbon DART na NASA ya bugi Dimorphos, wani ƙaramin dutsen sararin samaniya (asteroid) da ke kewaya wani babba. Ina tarkacen ya tafi? Wani sabon kwaikwayo na kwamfuta ya bi shi tsawon awa shida.

Kusan kashi 13% na nauyin dutsen ya fashe ya tashi. Kusan duka ya sake zubowa kamar ruwan sama, ya rufe fuskarsa gaba ɗaya. Layin ya wuce mita 8 kusa da wurin karon, 'yan goma-goma na santimita a ɗaya gefen.

Ƙarfin janyewa (gravity) ma ya sauya, da kusan 10% a wasu wurare. Manyan duwatsun da aka jefar suka sake zama ne ke haifar da mafi yawansa. Babban dutse mai nauyi a cibiya zai bayyana ne kawai a cikin lotsar da karon ya bari.

Aikin Hera na Turai zai isa wajen ma'auratan a ƙarshen 2026. Ƙaramin kumbonsa zai sauka ya karanta ƙarfin janyewa a wuri ɗaya. Ƙarfin janyewa shi kaɗai ba zai iya bambance manyan duwatsu na kusa da fuska da na can zurfi ba, marubutan sun yi gargaɗi.

Tushe: Post-DART impact ejecta re-accumulation on Dimorphos and implications for Hera gravity measurements, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35718