MAI YIWUWA TAURARI MASU WUTSIYA BA SU TAƁA KAWO ISASSHEN MUHIMMIN SINADARIN RAYUWA BA

Ta yaya rayuwa ta fara? Wata babbar amsa ta ratsa ta ilmin sinadarai na kafin rayuwa (prebiotic chemistry): ƙananan ƙwayoyin sinadarai (molecules) masu saurin amsawa suna haɗuwa su zama tubalan ginin rayuwa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ta yi fice, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Haɗin sau uku (triple bond) da ke tsakanin carbon da nitrogen a cikinta yana adana isasshen kuzari don tuƙa ƙarin halayen sinadarai (reactions), kuma gwaje-gwajen baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa a kusan millimole 10 a kowace lita za ta iya samar da lipids (kitse), sukari, nucleobases da nucleotides.

Amma daga ina irin wannan tushe mai matsewa zai fito? Samar da HCN a cikin sararin iska na farko ya fi aiki idan wannan iskar “mai rage” (reducing) ce — mai yawan hydrogen — kuma shaidu masu yawa na ilmin ƙasa (geology) sun ce ba haka take ba. Madadin, wanda ya haura ƙarni ɗaya, shi ne isarwa daga sararin samaniya. Taurari masu wutsiya suna da jan hankali musamman: suna ɗauke da HCN a kusan 0.1% na ruwansu, abin da a ka’ida ya isa ya ba da matsewa a wasu wurare ta kusan millimole 30 a kowace lita.

Richard Anslow, Catriona McDonald, Amy Bonsor da Paul Rimmer, a University of Cambridge, da Auriol Rae, a University of Edinburgh, sun yi wa wannan ra’ayi cikakken gwaji. Sun zaɓi HCN da gangan: ita kaɗai ce irin wannan ƙwaya da aka samu a cikin taurari masu wutsiya a matsewa mai amfani, kuma haɗinta sau uku yana sa ta fi sauran juriya. Idan HCN ba za ta iya tsira ba, sauran ma ba za su iya ba.

Hanyar cikas ta tauraro mai wutsiya

Ƙungiyar ta sake gina ruwan taurari masu wutsiya a kan Duniya a farkon zamaninta daga kwaikwayo da ke bin diddigin halittun ƙanƙara miliyan ɗaya da aka haifa a bayan Neptune, maimakon daga ramukan (craters) da ke kan Wata, waɗanda ba za su iya faɗin abin da ya buge shi ba. Sai suka sa kowane tauraro mai wutsiya ya bi ta cikas uku.

• Juyawa har su tarwatse. Fitowar iskar gas (jets) tana juya ƙananan taurari masu wutsiya da sauri da sauri har sai sun farfashe. Wannan yana rage yawan taurari masu wutsiya da ke isa Duniya da kusan ninki goma.
• Sararin iska (atmosphere). Da yake masu rauni ne kuma masu ramuka-ramuka (porous), taurari masu wutsiya ƙasa da kusan mita 100 suna fashewa a can sama, suna watsa ƙwayoyinsu. Iskar kuma tana tace taurari masu wutsiya da ke shigowa a ƙaramar kusurwa — daidai faɗowa masu laushi, na gefe-gefe, da za su kare kayan da suke ɗauke da su.
• Faɗowa. Taurari masu wutsiya daga can bayan Tsarin Rana (Solar System) suna buge Duniya da kusan kilomita 28 a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya a matsakaici. Zafin faɗowar yana lalata yawancin HCN.

A kowane mataki mai rashin tabbas — matsin tsohuwar iska, yawan busasshiyar ƙasa — ƙungiyar ta zaɓi ƙimar da ta fi dacewa da taurari masu wutsiya. Har ma sun ɗauka cewa HCN da ta tsira tana narkewa ne kawai a cikin ƙanƙarar tauraron mai wutsiyar kansa, ba a cikin wani tafki ko teku ba.

Sifili, a mafi yawan lokuta

A cikin tarihi 100,000 da aka kwaikwaya, Duniya a farkon zamaninta ta karɓi taurari masu wutsiya sama da 100,000 da suka fi mita 100 girma. Duk da haka, matsakaicin tsakiya (median) na yawan faɗowar da ke kawo aƙalla millimole 10 a kowace lita na HCN a kan busasshiyar ƙasa sifili ne: 54% na kwaikwayon ba su naɗa ko ɗaya ba kwata-kwata.

Isarwar taurari masu wutsiya masu nasara tana raguwa da sauri da lokaci (shuɗi). Ranar da ta fi yiwuwa ta nasara ta ƙarshe (jan layi, shekaru biliyan 4.41 da suka wuce) ta riga shaidar rayuwa ta farko a kaikaice (ratsin inuwa, daga kusan shekaru biliyan 4.2 da suka wuce). — Figure 3, Anslow et al. (2026), arXiv:2611.02924.

Idan nasara ta faru, takan faru da wuri: ranar da ta fi yiwuwa ita ce shekaru biliyan 4.41 da suka wuce, sama da shekaru miliyan 100 kafin alamun farko na rayuwa a kaikaice, kusan shekaru biliyan 4.2 da suka wuce. Ƙasa da 5% na kwaikwayon suna naɗa ɗaya bayan shekaru biliyan 4.03. Nasara tana buƙatar wata faɗowa da ba kasafai ake samu ba, mai sannu, mai karkata sosai, wadda ke bayyana ne kawai yayin da taurari masu wutsiya ke zubowa da mafi girman ƙarfi — a lokacin da Duniya ke da ƙaramar busasshiyar ƙasa ƙwarai, don haka da yawa daga cikin waɗannan faɗowa da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun faɗa cikin teku.

A matakin duniya gaba ɗaya, hoton bai fi kyau ba: dukkan HCN da aka kawo ba tare da ta lalace ba, idan aka baje ta a cikin teku ɗaya, za ta kai kusan micromole 0.75 a kowace lita kawai — rauni fiye da sau dubu goma idan aka kwatanta da girke-girken ɗakin gwaji.

Mars, wurin da ya fi dacewa

Taurari masu wutsiya da ke kawo fiye da millimole 10 a kowace lita na HCN a kowace shekara miliyan ɗaya a Mars, Duniya da Venus, kafin a lissafa busasshiyar ƙasa. — Figure 4, Anslow et al. (2026), arXiv:2611.02924.

Idan aka gudanar da su ga Mars da Venus da yanayin yau, kwaikwayon iri ɗaya suna ba da labari mai ban mamaki. Mars tana karɓar taurari masu wutsiya da suka yi ƙasa sau biyar, duk da haka tana naɗa faɗowa masu nasara 744, idan aka kwatanta da 87 ga Duniya da 24 ga Venus — kafin a lissafa busasshiyar ƙasa. Mars tana da faɗowa masu sannu, kusan kilomita 20 a cikin daƙiƙa ɗaya a matsakaici, da sararin iska siriri sosai har kusan kowane tauraro mai wutsiya da ya fi mita 100 yana ratsawa. Kaurin iskar Venus yana lalata har taurari masu wutsiya masu faɗin ’yan kilomita. Idan taurari masu wutsiya mataki ne na dole, in ji marubutan, da Mars ce ta fi yiwuwa ta zama shimfiɗar jariri ta rayuwa — ko da yake Mars ta farko mai ruwa za ta fuskanci ƙarancin busasshiyar ƙasa iri ɗaya.

Ko faɗowa ta sa’a ma ba ta isa ba

A ce wani tauraro mai wutsiya mai sa’a ya sauka ba tare da ya lalace ba. Cikin kwanaki zuwa makonni, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ruwan sama da ruwan da ke gudana a saman ƙasa za su narkar da HCN ɗinsa ƙasa da matakan da ke da amfani; ko tafkin rami (crater lake) mai natsuwa yana sabunta ruwansa cikin ’yan shekaru. Sai wani samfuri mai sauƙi ya sanya lokacin da ake tsammani don rayuwa ta fito daga sinadaran taurari masu wutsiya fiye da shekarun sararin halitta (Universe) ga ƙimomi masu ma’ana.

Marubutan ba za su iya kawar da yiwuwar wata faɗowa ɗaya mai sa’a a cikin ’yan ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekarun farko na Duniya ba. Amma sun kammala cewa taurari masu wutsiya, waɗanda aka daɗe ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu isar da sinadaran rayuwa, a mafi kyau tushe ne da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba ƙwarai kuma mai gajeren lokaci.