TASWIRAR JIJIYOYIN ƘUDA TA KOYI GANI DA ƘIDAYA

Nawa daga cikin abin da ƙwaƙwalwa za ta iya yi aka riga aka rubuta a cikin haɗe-haɗenta? Tambayar ta zama abin gwadawa ga dabba ɗaya: cikakkun taswirar haɗe-haɗe — connectomes — na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙudan ’ya’yan itace babba yanzu suna nan. A cewar masu binciken, su ne cikakkiyar taswira ta farko ta ƙwaƙwalwa da ke iya halaye masu sarƙaƙiya. Wani ra’ayi da za a gwada shi ne tattalin haɗi (wiring economy): juyin halitta ya kamata ya fifita da’irori da ke aiki da kyau yayin da suke rage dogayen haɗi masu tsada.

Ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin kwamfuta, ido a gaba

Eudald Correig-Fraga, Roger Guimerà da Marta Sales-Pardo, a Jami’ar Rovira i Virgili da ke Tarragona, Catalonia, sun fara daga connectome ɗin Drosophila melanogaster da aka tantance: neuron 139,255 da haɗin synapse miliyan 54.5.

Da farko sun sake gina idon ƙudan mai haɗaka daga bayanan guda. Daga wuraren ƙwayoyin jin haske (photoreceptors), sun sake gina kowane ommatidium — ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan sassan idon — da girman filin ganin da yake gani. Kowane nau’in ƙwayar jin haske ya sami ƙarfin jin launi da aka auna masa, an matsar da shi da nanomita 200 don a iya amfani da hotuna na yau da kullum na ja-kore-shuɗi, abin da ke mayar da tashar ultraviolet ta ƙudan zuwa shuɗi.

Daga hoto zuwa yanke shawara: wani ido mai haɗaka da aka sake ginawa yana ɗaukar samfurin ɗigo masu launi, sannan aiki yana gudana ta ainihin haɗe-haɗen zuwa ƙwayoyin Kenyon. — Figure 1, Correig-Fraga, Guimerà & Sales-Pardo (2026), arXiv:2610.10023.

Sannan haske yana kunna neuron ɗin ido (retina), kuma aiki yana yaɗuwa ta ainihin haɗe-haɗen, mataki-mataki, zuwa ƙwayoyin Kenyon na mushroom body, inda wani sashe guda mai sauƙi yake karanta yanke shawara. Ba a ƙara komai a ƙwaƙwalwar ba. Abin da samfurin zai iya koya kaɗai shi ne ƙarfi ɗaya ga kowane haɗi da ke akwai, an iyakance shi ta yadda ba zai taɓa wuce adadin synapse da aka gani a zahiri ba.

Launi, siffa, adadi

Tawagar ta gwada ayyukan gani uku:

• Launi. Shin da’irar shuɗi ce ko rawaya? Kowane samfuri ya sami kusan kashi 100%. Ainihin haɗe-haɗen ya kai kashi 92% ba tare da wani horo ba.
• Siffa. Da’ira ko tauraro? An horar da shi kan hotuna a rabin hagu na filin gani kuma aka gwada shi a rabin dama, ainihin haɗe-haɗen ya kai kashi 64%.
• Adadi. Wane launi ne ya fi yawan ɗigo, idan aka daidaita jimillar fadin kowane launi ta yadda girma ba zai tona amsar ba? Ba a taɓa gaya wa samfurin adadin ɗigon ba. Daidaitonsa ya ƙaru tare da rabon da ke tsakanin adadin biyu, daga kashi 64% a rabo na 1.5 zuwa kashi 85% a rabo na 5. Wannan tsarin alama ce ta kusan-fahimtar adadi, wadda takardar ta lura cewa an gan ta a ainihin ƙudajen ’ya’yan itace.

Ƙwaƙwalwa da aka jujjuya

Don gwada ko ainihin tsarin haɗe-haɗen yana da muhimmanci, masu binciken sun gina nau’ikan ƙwaƙwalwa huɗu da aka jujjuya, duka da neuron iri ɗaya:

• ɗaya mara iyaka, inda haɗin da ke fita daga kowane neuron ke zuwa wurare ba tare da tsari ba, wanda ke haifar da dogayen wayoyi da yawa;
• ɗaya wanda aka datse, aka rage shi har jimillar kuɗin haɗinsa ta yi daidai da ta ƙwaƙwalwar gaskiya, amma da dogayen haɗi a matsakaici;
• biyu masu daidaitaccen nisa, waɗanda ke riƙe ainihin rarraba tsawon wayoyi da jimillar kuɗin haɗi.

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwa da aka jujjuya masu dogayen wayoyi, aiki yana mamaye kusan dukan ƙwaƙwalwar a mataki na biyu; a ta gaskiya, yana tafiya a hankali daga ido zuwa ciki.

Daidaiton ainihin connectome (shuɗi) da nau’ikan huɗu da aka jujjuya a ayyukan uku; a dama, bambance adadi yana inganta yayin da rabon da ke tsakanin adadin biyu ke ƙaruwa. — Figure 3, Correig-Fraga, Guimerà & Sales-Pardo (2026), arXiv:2610.10023.

Biyan kuɗin dogayen wayoyi

Ƙwaƙwalwa mara iyaka da wadda aka datse sun sami maki mafi girma, misali kashi 70% a siffofi idan aka kwatanta da kashi 64%. Suna samun riba ta hanyar isa ga ƙarin neuron da sauri ta dogayen haɗi — waɗannan haɗi ne dai, masu binciken suka yi jayayya, da za su ci wa ainihin dabba kuzari da sarƙaƙiyar girma. Idan aka yi kwatanci na adalci, da kasafin haɗi iri ɗaya da rarraba tsawon wayoyi iri ɗaya, ainihin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙudan ta doke abokan hamayyarta biyu da aka jujjuya a kowane aiki. Masu binciken sun fassara hakan a matsayin ciniki mai inganci na juyin halitta tsakanin aiki da kuɗin haɗi.

Samfuri mai sauƙi da gangan

Samfurin ya yi watsi da yawancin ilimin halittar ainihin neuron: babu saurin harba sigina (firing rates), babu ma’aunin lokaci (time constants), kuma karatu ta ƙwayoyin Kenyon zaɓi ne mai sauƙi maimakon cikakken da’irar yanke shawara ta ƙudan. An samar da kowace ƙwaƙwalwa da aka jujjuya sau ɗaya kawai. Masu binciken sun gabatar da aikin a matsayin mafari: hanyar tambayar abin da taswirar haɗe-haɗe da aka auna za ta iya yi da kanta, kafin a ƙara cikakken motsin neuron.