BAƘAR RAMI DA AKA AUNA NAUYINSA SHEKARU MILIYAN 470 BAYAN BIG BANG

Quasars masu amfani da baƙaƙen ramuka masu nauyin biliyoyin Rana sun riga sun wanzu lokacin da sararin duniya bai kai shekaru biliyan ɗaya ba. Yadda suka girma haka, da sauri haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙwaƙwalwa da ba a warware ba a ilimin falaki. Bincike-bincike masu faɗin fili sun gano ɗaruruwan waɗannan manyan halittu, amma mafiya haske kawai.

Na’urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya ta James Webb ta canza hoton. Tana iya ganin tsakiyar galaxy masu aiki (active galactic nuclei) marasa haske sosai — galaxy-galaxy waɗanda baƙar raminsu na tsakiya ke ci — ta hanyar kama faɗaɗɗun layukan fitar haske: hasken iskar gas da ke kewayawa da sauri sosai kusa da baƙar ramin har layukan bakan haskensa — takamaiman launukan da kowane sinadari ke fitarwa — suka bazu. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa ƙananan tushe ne masu kamannin ja sosai, waɗanda ake yi wa laƙabi da “Ɗigo Ja Ƙanana” (Little Red Dots), waɗanda har yanzu ana muhawara kan asalinsu.

Bincike ba tare da gajeriyar hanya ba

Xingyao Cai, Akio K. Inoue, Masafusa Onoue da abokan aikinsu, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami’ar Waseda a Tokyo, sun bi bakan haske na jama’a na DAWN JWST Archive: tushe 1,247 masu tabbataccen nisa tsakanin redshift 6 da 10.3 — redshift, wanda ake rubutawa z, yana auna yadda faɗaɗar sararin duniya ta miƙe haskensu: idan ya fi girma, tushen ya fi nisa, kuma muna ganinsa a lokaci mafi daɗewa a baya. Ba su riga sun zaɓa bisa launi ko girma ba. Ga kowane bakan haske, sun tambaya ko samfuri mai faɗaɗɗen layin hydrogen ya fi dacewa fiye da wanda babu shi. ’Yan takara 66 sun wuce.

Mafi nisa shi ne MoM-BL-z10, wanda aka lura da shi a shirin “Mirage or Miracle”, a redshift z = 9.9837 — lokacin da sararin duniya ke da shekaru miliyan 470 kawai.

Faɗaɗɗen layinsa na hydrogen-beta, wanda aka fitar a matsayin haske mai ganuwa mai launin shuɗi-kore, yana isowa gare mu a miƙe kusan ninki goma sha ɗaya (1 + z), cikin infrared, a mikromita 5.35, ɗan wuce iyakar mikromita 5.3 ta sarrafa bayanai na yau da kullum na Webb. An gan shi ne kawai saboda tace bayanan ma’ajiyar yana dawo da wannan ƙarin ɓangaren bakan haske.

Hotunan Webb na MoM-BL-z10 a cikin matattara (filters) bakwai (sama) da bakan haskensa, tare da faɗaɗɗen layin hydrogen-beta da aka daidaita a dama. — Figure 1, Cai et al. (2026), arXiv:2610.28735, CC BY 4.0.

Auna nauyin baƙar ramin

An gano faɗaɗɗen layin a rabon sigina-da-hayaniya na 3.87, ɗan sama da iyakar 3 da marubutan suka sanya. Hasken iskar gas da ke tahowa gare mu yana sauyawa zuwa wani gefe, na iskar gas da ke nisanta kuma zuwa ɗaya gefen (tasirin Doppler), don haka ana auna faɗin layin a matsayin bazuwar gudu: kilomita 3,480 a daƙiƙa (tare da manyan rashin tabbas: −950, +2,040). Rabon wasu layuka, daga neon da oxygen, suna sanya abin a cikin tsakiyar galaxy masu aiki maimakon galaxy na yau da kullum masu haifar taurari.

Haɗa saurin iskar gas da hasken tushen, wanda ke tabbatar da girman yankin da hasken ke fitowa daga gare shi, yana ba da nauyin “virial” (virial mass) — ƙiyasi na farko irinsa a redshift 10:

• da girke-girken da aka saba amfani da shi ga quasars, kusan nauyin Rana miliyan 36 (3.6 × 10⁷, tsakanin kusan miliyan 19 da 94), yana ci a kashi 11% na mafi girman ƙimarsa ta ka’ida, iyakar Eddington — rufin da bayansa hasken kayan da ke faɗuwa ciki yake turar iskar gas waje kuma yake sa baƙar ramin ta yi yunwa;
• da girke-girken da aka gabatar ga Ɗigo Ja Ƙanana, kuma idan aka ɗauka yana ci a wannan iyaka, kusan nauyin Rana miliyan 2.1 — ƙasa da ninki 17.

Abin yana da alamar matsewa kuma yana da launukan da ake tsammani ga Ɗigo Ja Ƙarami, amma marubutan sun ƙi rarraba shi a matsayin haka da bayanan da ake da su yanzu.

Ya yi nauyi da yawa, da wuri da yawa

Ƙungiyar ta bibiyi baya yadda irin wannan baƙar rami zai iya girma, tun daga redshift 25, tun kafin shekaru miliyan 470 da ake ganin shi a cikinsu. Daga iri mara nauyi — ragowar tauraro mai nauyin Rana 10 zuwa 100 — kaiwa nauyin Rana miliyan 36 yana buƙatar matsakaicin gudu na kusan ninki biyu na iyakar Eddington. Iri mai nauyi na nauyin Rana 10,000 zuwa 100,000, wanda watakila ya samu daga rushewar gajimaren gas kai tsaye, zai iya kaiwa can yana ci a iyakar. A gudun da aka lura da shi na 11%, ba zai taɓa girma haka ba: dole ne ya ci da sauri a baya.

Yiwuwar tarihin girma: tauraro mai rawaya (nauyin da aka saba) yana inda iri marasa nauyi ke buƙatar ci fiye da Eddington kuma iri masu nauyi sun isa. — Figure 5, Cai et al. (2026), arXiv:2610.28735, CC BY 4.0.

Ko da ƙaramin nauyin yana da wuyar kaiwa daga irin tauraro da ke girma a iyakar.

A gefen abin da Webb zai iya yi

MoM-BL-z10 yanzu shi ne tsakiyar galaxy mai aiki mai faɗaɗɗen layi mafi nisa da aka sani, fiye da CAPERS-LRD-z9 a z = 9.29. ’Yan takara biyu na baya kusa da redshift 10, UHZ1 da GN-z11, ba su taɓa nuna faɗaɗɗen layi da aka gano da tabbaci ba. Saboda layin hydrogen a nan yana daidai gefen na’urar bakan haske ta Webb, marubutan suna zargin cewa redshift 10 na iya kasancewa kusa da iyakar aiki ta gano baƙaƙen ramuka marasa haske ta wannan hanya. Ana shirya bincike mafi girma, tare da cikakken kundi.