CIBIYOYIN BAYANAI MILIYAN ƊAYA A SARARIN SAMA, YADDA RUBIN ZAI GAN SU

A tsayin mita 2,663 a kan Cerro Pachón, a Chile, Vera C. Rubin Observatory ta fara aiki a 2025. Na’urar hangen nesanta mai faffaɗan gani, mai babban madubi na mita 8.36, da kyamararta mai matuƙar hankali suna gudanar da Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). A shekararsa ta farko kaɗai, wannan binciken zai tattara bayanai fiye da duk abubuwan lura na falakin haske (optical astronomy) da aka taɓa yi a baya idan aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya.

A halin yanzu, masu gudanarwa suna gasar harba wani sabon irin tauraron ɗan Adam: cibiyoyin bayanai na kewayar Duniya (orbital data centres), kumbunan da ke ɗauke da kwamfutoci. Takardun neman izini da SpaceX da Starcloud suka gabatar wa Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayyar Amurka (Federal Communications Commission), tare da shirye-shiryen Axiom Space, Orbital, Blue Origin, Project Suncatcher da wasu, gaba ɗaya suna ba da shawarar sama da miliyan ɗaya nesa ba kusa ba daga cikinsu a ƙaramar kewaya (low orbit). A watan Yuni 2026, ’yan samfuran gwaji (prototypes) kaɗan ne kawai suka tashi.

Garke da aka gina daga takardar neman izini

Nayan Jangid da Siegfried Eggl (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Meredith Rawls da Peter Yoachim (University of Washington da Rubin Observatory) da Connie Walker (NSF NOIRLab), dukansu kuma membobin IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky, sun gina samfurin rukunin taurarin ɗan Adam (constellation) daga takardar SpaceX: taurarin ɗan Adam 998,240 a kan matakan kewaya (orbital shells, wato hawan tsayi) 94 tsakanin kilomita 686 da 1,002 a sama. Rabinsu suna kan kewayoyi da suka karkata kusan digiri 30 daga ma’aunin Duniya (equator). Ɗayan rabin kuma masu bin Rana ne (Sun-synchronous): kewayoyinsu suna bin iyakar da ke tsakanin dare da rana.

An tsara kowane tauraron ɗan Adam a matsayin wani babban kumbo mai kama da na Starlink: jiki mai kusan mita 7 da 3.5, fanalan hasken rana da aka ƙididdige don kilowatt 400, da wata na’urar fitar da zafi fara ko mai launin azurfa mai fuska biyu, kowacce mai murabba’in mita 110, don fitar da zafin kwamfutocin.

Sannan wani tsarin aiki mai matakai shida ya bi kowane tauraron ɗan Adam a cikin shekara guda ta jadawalin Rubin da aka kwaikwaya: waɗanne ɗaukar hoto na daƙiƙa 30 yake ratsawa, ko Rana tana haskaka shi, yaya hasken zarensa yake bayyana a kowace daga cikin matatun launi shida na kyamarar, da kuma pixels nawa yake lalatawa.

Hotuna huɗu cikin biyar, a dararen da suka fi muni

A matsakaici, kwaikwayon yana ƙirga kusan wucewar taurarin ɗan Adam 180,000 ta fagen ganin Rubin da zaren haske 60,000 da Rana ke haskakawa a kowane dare. A wasu dare, ya danganta da lokacin shekara, har kashi 80% na hotunan Rubin suna ɗauke da aƙalla zaren haske ɗaya da Rana ke haskakawa; idan aka ɗauki matsakaicin shekara, kason yana kusa da kashi 20%. Wannan adadi ya shafi dukan rukunin taurarin ɗan Adam da kowace matatar launi; takardar ba ta ambaci wani dare ɗaya ba, kuma kololuwar sun bazu a cikin shekarar.

Dare bayan dare a cikin shekara guda da aka kwaikwaya: da kore, kason hotunan Rubin da kowane tauraron ɗan Adam ya ratsa; da ja, waɗanda tauraron ɗan Adam mai haske da ake iya gani ya ratsa. Giɓi su ne darare da babu abubuwan lura. — Hoto na 1, Jangid da abokan aiki (2026), arXiv:2610.31772.

Taurarin ɗan Adam masu bin Rana suna yin ɓarna fiye da gwargwado: tun da suna tafiya a kan iyakar dare da rana, suna ci gaba da samun haske lokacin da duhu ya riga ya yi a wurin na’urar hangen nesan.

Haske yana bin tsari biyu. Hasken da ke watsuwa (diffuse reflection) yawanci yana ba da girman haske (magnitude) kusan 6; a kan wannan ma’auni, ƙananan lambobi suna nufin haske mafi ƙarfi. Walƙiya kamar ta madubi daga manyan fanalan hasken rana tana kaiwa girman haske 2 zuwa 4. A cikin shekarar, kashi 83.9% na kusan zaren haske miliyan 9 da Rana ke haskakawa sun fi girman haske 7 haske, wato iyakar da International Astronomical Union ta ba da shawara, kuma fiye da 229,000 sun fi girman haske 2 haske, wanda ake iya gani da ido kawai cikin sauƙi; ga waɗannan, samfurin yana ɗaukar kowane guntun na’urar ganowa (detector chip) da zaren ya ratsa a matsayin wanda ya lalace (kyamarar tana da 189).

A magariba da asuba, hoto na yau da kullum yana ɗauke da kusan zaren haske 100 da ake iya gani a lokaci ɗaya. Rubin zai rasa kashi 5 zuwa 10% na pixels ɗinsa na magariba da asuba a dare na yau da kullum, kuma wasu hotuna guda-guda fiye da kashi 90%. Marubutan sun yi nuni da cewa mai yiwuwa hanyarsu tana ƙara yawan zaren haske masu ƙarfin da ya isa su cika pixels fiye da kima (saturate).

Magariba mai haske

Ta hanyar haɗa hasken kowane tauraron ɗan Adam da Rana ke haskakawa a sama da sararin, ƙungiyar ta kuma lissafa yawan ƙarin hasken da sararin sama kansa ke samu. A wani dare na misali ba tare da wata ba, 15 ga Yuli 2026, taurarin ɗan Adam suna ƙara fiye da kashi 1,000% na hasken sararin sama na halitta a lokacin magariba da asuba a cikin matatun u (kusa da ultraviolet), g (kore) da r (ja); a hoto na 11, zangon g yana kaiwa kololuwa sama da kashi 3,000% kafin wayewar gari. Matatun g da r ne yawanci ake amfani da su a magariba da asuba don gano abubuwa masu yiwuwar haɗari na Tsarin Rana (Solar System). A ɓangaren dare mafi zurfi, lokacin da taurarin ɗan Adam suka shiga inuwar Duniya, ƙarin yana faɗuwa zuwa kusan babu komai. Ko a ƙarƙashin cikakken wata, hasken sararin sama yana ƙaruwa da fiye da kashi 100% a matatu da dama. Marubutan suna ganin wannan ƙarin haske zai iya zama babbar illa ga kimiyya.

Hasken sararin sama a cikin daren 15 ga Yuli 2026 da babu wata, daga matatar u (sama) zuwa matatar y (ƙasa): da shuɗi sararin halitta, da ja tare da taurarin ɗan Adam; a dama, kashi na ƙari, wanda ya fi yawa a magariba da asuba. — Hoto na 11, Jangid da abokan aiki (2026), arXiv:2610.31772.

Babu mafita mai sauƙi

Ƙungiyar ta gwada magungunan da aka saba. Da kashi 10% kawai na rukunin, kusan taurarin ɗan Adam 100,000, hotunan magariba da asuba har yanzu suna rasa kashi 2.33% na pixels ɗinsu a kowane dare, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 6.88% da cikakken rukunin, kuma hoto ɗaya yana rasa kashi 87%. Rage su sau goma ba ya raba ɓarnar da goma, saboda walƙiya guda ɗaya mai haske ta isa ta mamaye hoto. Ƙananan kewayoyi suna ajiye taurarin ɗan Adam a inuwa na tsawon lokaci, amma walƙiya tana nan a magariba da asuba, kuma gajeren tsawon rai yana nufin ƙarin harbawa. Masu gudanarwa za su iya karkatar da walƙiya daga Chile, amma kamfani ɗaya da na’urar hangen nesa ɗaya kawai a lokaci ɗaya. Juyar da Rubin zuwa gabas a magariba da yamma a asuba yana da kyakkyawan fata, amma ba a kwaikwaye shi ba.

Binciken yana da nasa wuraren da bai gani ba: kewayoyi na zato waɗanda aka san kowane matsayinsu daidai, babu tarkacen sararin sama, babu taurarin ɗan Adam masu duhu da ke wucewa gaban taurari, babu falakin rediyo (radio astronomy). Kuma ɗaya daga cikin illolin da ya lissafa ba za a iya gyara ta ba: ga wani abin da ake gani sau ɗaya kawai, zaren haske mai ƙarfi a kan na’urar ganowa da ba ta dace ba yana nufin an rasa abin kawai, ba tare da damar sake bin diddiginsa ba.