KA ƘARA ƘARFIN SAUTI, SAI TAURARO YA JUYA BAYA

Sauti zai iya ɗaga abubuwa. Tsakanin wani ƙaho mai girgiza da wani mai mayar da sauti (reflector), wani ƙaƙƙarfan raƙumin ultrasound na tsaye (standing wave) yana samar da wurare inda ƙananan abubuwa — ɗigon ruwa, sirara fata, ƙwayoyi — ke shawagi a sararin sama ba tare da taɓa komai ba. Ana haɓaka wannan dabara don nazarin sinadarai da magunguna da kuma haɗa ƙananan gine-gine.

Tana da wata baƙuwar ɗabi’a mai taurin kai: abubuwan da ke shawagi sau da yawa suna fara juyawa da kansu. Akwai bayani ga wasu lokuta na musamman, amma babu wata doka gama-gari da ke faɗin lokacin da abu zai juya, ta wace alƙibla, ko da wane sauri.

Taurari masu hannuwa masu lanƙwasa

Sue Shi, Scott Waitukaitis da abokan aikinsu a Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) sun gina na’urar shawagi da ke aiki a kusan kilohertz 51, da mai mayar da sauti na sapphire a kan wani gimbal mai inganci don a iya daidaita filin sautin sosai. Sun buga ƙwayoyi masu haske (fluorescent) da na’urar 3D masu kauri micrometre 200, kowanne ya dace a cikin da’ira mai faɗin milimita 1, kuma sun ɗauki bidiyonsu daga ƙasa a hotuna 3,000 a cikin daƙiƙa.

Sakamakon farko yana game da daidaito (symmetry). A cikin fili da aka daidaita da kyau, triangles, murabba’ai, pentagons da taurari masu hannuwa madaidaita — siffofi da ke kama da kansu a cikin madubi — ba sa taɓa juyawa. “Taurari masu chirality” (chiral stars), waɗanda dukkan hannuwansu ke lanƙwasa ta hanya ɗaya, suna fara juyawa da zarar sun fara shawagi, suna kaiwa ga gudu tsayayye a cikin ’yan ɗaruruwan millisecond. Lanƙwasar ce ke tsara alƙibla; ka juya tauraron sai ya juya ta ɗaya hanyar. Karkatar da mai mayar da sauti da gangan yana sa ko murabba’i ya juya: juyawa da kai yana buƙatar karyewar daidaito, a cikin abin ko a cikin filin sautin.

Ƙarin hannuwa, ɗabi’a mafi ban mamaki

Hankali yana cewa ƙarin hannuwa suna kama ƙarin sauti, kuma ƙarin ƙarar sauti tana ƙara turawa. Ma’aunai, a kan kwafi uku masu kusan kama da juna na kowane tauraro, sun faɗi wani abu daban.

• Hannuwa 3 da 5: suna ƙara juyawa da sauri yayin da volt a kan transducer ke hauhawa — tare da shi matsin sautin.
• Hannuwa 7: mafi sauri kusan volt 12–13, sannan suna rage gudu.
• Hannuwa 10: mafi sauri kusan volt 7–8, sannan suna rage gudu, su tsaya, su juya ta ɗaya hanyar.
• Hannuwa 12: jeri iri ɗaya, da wuri — ƙololuwa a volt 7, juyawa baya kusan volt 10.

Taurari mafi sauri suna kaiwa har kusan juyi 50 a cikin daƙiƙa.

Girke-girke mai kashi biyu

Don bayyana wannan, ƙungiyar ta daidaita wani murɗewa mai tuƙawa — turawar juyawa da sautin ke yi — da gogayyar iska. Duka biyun an rubuta su a matsayin sauƙaƙan ƙarfi (powers) na girman sautin: murɗewar tana da babban kashi tare da gyara da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma gogayyar tana hauhawa tare da girman sautin. Ba a yi hasashen gogayyar ba: an auna ta ta hanyar kallon yadda kowane tauraro ke saurin natsuwa bayan wani tsalle na ba-zata a volt: filin sautin yana kai sabon darajarsa a cikin kusan millisecond goma, yayin da tauraron ke ɗaukar kusan millisecond 183 kafin ya dawo da gudunsa (tauraro mai hannuwa 12 da ke tafiya daga volt 7 zuwa 8) — jinkirin da ke fitowa daga jan iska kaɗai — kuma an lissafa ta a girman sifili daga siffar tauraron. Hakan ya bar lambobi biyu kawai masu ’yanci ga kowace siffa, kuma layin da ya fito ya dace da kowane tauraro, daga ƙaruwar gudu a hankali zuwa cikakken juyawa baya.

Daidaitawar suna ba da labari mai daidaito. Ƙarin hannuwa suna ba da ƙarin turawa a ƙaramin ƙara, don haka taurari masu yawan hannuwa suna farawa da sauri. Amma suna kuma kawo gudummawa ta kishiya mai ƙaruwa da ke yin nasara a babban ƙara — kuma idan ta yi nasara, tauraron yana juya baya. Volt na juyawa baya yana bin wata dabara mai sauƙi, V* = 1/√(−α), inda α ke zama ƙasa da sifili duk lokacin da gyaran ya ja kishiyar turawa: duk girman darajarsa ta zahiri, da wuri juyawa baya ke zuwa.

Tauraro da aka ƙera don ya canza

Ainihin gwajin shi ne hasashe. Ƙungiyar ta ƙera tauraro mai gauraye: rabi ɗaya an ɗauko daga tauraro mai hannuwa 4 da ke lanƙwasa ta hanyar agogo, ɗayan daga tauraro mai hannuwa 10 da ke lanƙwasa ta kishiyar hanya. Haɗa layukan da aka yi hasashe na rabi biyun ya ba da hasashe: kishiyar agogo a ƙaramin ƙara, inda rabin mai hannuwa 10 ke rinjaye; ta hanyar agogo a babban ƙara. Tauraro mai gauraye da aka buga ya yi daidai haka — kishiyar agogo a volt 7, a tsaye a volt 9, ta hanyar agogo a volt 11 — yana juya baya a volt da aka yi hasashe.

Ƙarfi da babu wanda ya nema

Samfurin yana bayyana turawar kishiya amma ba ya faɗin inda take fitowa. Marubutan sun nuna cewa ba za ta iya fitowa daga ka’idar gama-gari ta ƙarfin sauti ba, inda kowane tasiri ke ƙaruwa da murabba’in matsin sauti: a nan dukkan waɗannan gudummawa za su riƙe gwargwado guda yayin da sautin ke ƙara ƙarfi, kuma hanyar juyawa ba za ta taɓa juyewa ba. Wani abu na mataki mafi girma yana aiki, kuma yana ƙarfafa yayin da hannuwa maƙwabta ke ƙara kusanci — watakila wata alaƙa tsakanin hannuwa masu maƙwabtaka ta hanyar sautin da iska. Auna ko kwaikwayon kwararar iska a kewayen tauraro mai juyawa shi ne mataki na gaba. A halin yanzu, siffar ƙwaya ta zama hanyar tsara yadda take juyawa.