MUTUM-MUTUMI DA KE CUNKUSA KAMAR PENGUINS DON TSIRA DA DAREN WATA

Garken ƙananan mutum-mutumi hanya ce mai jan hankali don binciken kogwannin wata da bututun dutsen wuta (lava tubes): idan ɗaya ya ɓace, aikin ba lallai ba ne ya gaza. Shirin CADRE na NASA, alal misali, zai tura ƙananan motocin bincike (rovers) guda uku da ke aiki tare don zana taswirar Wata tare — amma da rana kawai. An tsara su ne don rana ɗaya ta wata kuma ba za su tsira daga daren ba.

Dare na awa 354

Wannan daren yana ɗaukar kusan awa 354, kuma saman yana yin sanyi har zuwa kusan kelvin 95, wato kusan −178 °C. Wasu motocin bincike sun tsallake shi: Yutu-2 yana dogara ne ga sarrafa zafi da radioisotope ke taimakawa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki bayan darare na wata, yayin da Pragyan, wanda aka tsara don rana ɗaya ta wata, bai sake sadarwa ba. Amma na’urorin ɗumamawa na radioisotope ba sa dacewa da garke. Riƙe na’urar ɗumamawa ta watt 2 yana buƙatar kusan gram 5 na plutonium dioxide ga kowane mutum-mutumi, kuma burin samarwa na Amurka na kusan kilogram 1.5 a shekara an ƙididdige shi ne don manyan tsare-tsaren radioisotope na manyan ayyuka, ba don mutum-mutumi da ake iya hasararsu ba.

Anaïs Jeger, ta Center for Bits and Atoms na MIT da Advanced Concepts Team na Hukumar Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (European Space Agency), tare da Harry Holt na ƙungiyar guda da Lennart Puck na Planetary Robotics Laboratory na ESA, sun yi wata tambaya dabam: shin mutum-mutumin za su iya amfani da jikunan juna a matsayin garkuwar zafi?

Maki ɗaya, da ake bayarwa a wayewar gari

A cikin kwaikwayonsu, mutum-mutumi ashirin suna yin cikakken daren wata tare. Kowanne yana riƙe kansa a 0 °C da na’urar ɗumamawa muddin makamashinsa da aka adana yana nan; bayan haka yana yin sanyi, kuma ƙasa da −40 °C ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ya mutu. Saurin rasa zafinsa ya dogara da buɗewarsa ga sararin sama (sky exposure): yawan sararin sama a buɗe da yake gani, daga 1 ga mutum-mutumi da ke shi kaɗai zuwa 0 ga wanda maƙwabta suka kewaye. Shi kaɗai, mutum-mutumi yana fitar da watt 1.92 na zafi.

Dukan mutum-mutumi ashirin suna gudanar da ƙaramar hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi (neural network) iri ɗaya. Kowanne yana ganin bayanan kusa da shi kawai — zafinsa, makamashinsa da buɗewarsa, inda maƙwabtansa suke da yadda suke ciki — kuma yana fitar da alkiblar da zai tuƙa. An horar da hanyar sadarwar da “dabarun juyin halitta” (evolution strategies): a gwada kwafi da yawa da aka ɗan sauya, sannan a matsa saitunan bai ɗaya zuwa waɗanda suka fi samun maki, a maimaita.

An yi makin ya zama kaɗan da gangan. Yana zuwa sau ɗaya, a ƙarshen dare: matsakaicin zafin mutum-mutumi biyar mafi sanyi. Babu wani abu a cikinsa da ya ambaci matsayi, tazara, buɗewa ko motsi.

Penguins, ba tare da an gaya musu ba

Duk da haka halaye biyu sun bayyana. Daga farawa a warwatse, garken yana taruwa cikin kusan awa biyar. Sannan ba ya taɓa zama cak: mutum-mutumi suna ci gaba da zagayawa tsakanin tsakiya mai kariya da gefe a buɗe. Marubutan sun nuna cewa waɗannan su ne halaye biyu ɗin da penguins na sarki ke tsira da su daga lokacin sanyin Antarctica — suna cunkusa, kuma suna ci gaba da musayar wurare tsakanin waje mai sanyi da tsakiya mai kariya. Penguins ne suka zaburar da tambayar; ba a taɓa ba mutum-mutumin lada don kwaikwayonsu ba.

Zagayawar ce ke kawo bambanci. Wata ƙa’ida da aka rubuta da hannu wadda kawai take sa mutum-mutumi su karkata zuwa ciki, ba tare da ta taɓa mayar da su waje ba, tana samar da irin wannan cunkoso, amma gefen yana kasancewa mafi sanyi fiye da tsakiya duk dare, kuma a wani gwaji guda, mutum-mutumi tara cikin ashirin sun salwanta. A tsawon horarwar, matsakaicin buɗewar mutum-mutumin da ke wuri mafi muni a tsawon lokaci ya ragu daga kusan 0.71 zuwa 0.26, kusa da matsakaicin garken na 0.23 — ko da yake buɗewa ba ta cikin makin.

Mutum-mutumin ba sa ruga-ruga ma: suna tafiyar mita 4.3 a awa a matsakaici, alhali tuƙi ba tsayawa a saurin da aka saita musu zai kai mita 54: galibi suna zaune cak kuma suna sauya wuri da ɗan gajeren motsi, kuma jimillar ƙaurarsu a dukan daren bai kai mita ɗaya ba.

Yaya ƙarancin makamashi ya isa

Marubutan sun auna iyakar tsira (survival threshold): mafi ƙarancin makamashin da aka adana ga kowane mutum-mutumi wanda da shi kowane mutum-mutumi yake raye har yanzu a fitowar rana, a kan tsare-tsaren farawa goma da ba a taɓa gani ba a lokacin horarwa. Suna bayyana shi a wani ma’auni da suke kira pcm-h, mai daraja kilojoule 7.2 — abin da na’urar ɗumamawa ta watt 2 ke amfani da shi a awa ɗaya.

• Mutum-mutumin da aka bari a warwatse: 328.5 pcm-h.
• Cunkoso da ke zaune cak: 246.0 pcm-h.
• Garken da ya koya, an haɗa sakamakon gudanar horarwa goma: 155.6 ± 1.3 pcm-h.

Wannan ƙasa da kashi 37% ne idan aka kwatanta da cunkoso marar motsi, kuma kashi 12.7% kawai sama da mafi ƙarancin iyakar da ilimin physics kaɗai ya ƙayyade (138.1 pcm-h): makamashin da ake buƙata idan dukan mutum-mutumi ashirin suka raba buɗewar cunkoso mafi matsewa da zai yiwu daidai wa daida. A 163 pcm-h, cunkoso marar motsi yana rasa mutum-mutumi shida; garken da ke zagayawa yana ajiye dukan ashirin.

Wata ƙa’ida mai sauƙi da aka rubuta da hannu ta yi kusan daidai haka, a 154.5 pcm-h: kowane mutum-mutumi yana karkata zuwa ciki a hankali, kuma duk mutum-mutumin da ke da mafi ƙarancin makamashi a cikin waɗanda yake taɓawa yana kutsawa zuwa tsakiya da dukan ƙarfinsa.

Buƙatu ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani

Halin yana ɗorewa idan aka cire wasu ɓangarori. Ba tare da wata alama ta bai ɗaya da za a bi ba, iyakar da ƙyar take motsawa: tana tsayawa tsakanin 154.3 da 156.7 pcm-h ya danganta da tsarin farawa, idan aka kwatanta da 155.4 zuwa 155.7 idan akwai ta, ko da yake mutum-mutumin suna ƙara motsi. Hanyar sadarwa marar ƙwaƙwalwa tana cin kusan kashi 3% ƙarin makamashi. Bayan an horar da su a kan mutum-mutumi ashirin, hanyoyin sadarwar iri ɗaya suna gudanar da garken talatin da na arba’in ba tare da sake horarwa ba, suna buƙatar ƙasa da kashi 5.0% da kashi 8.0% na makamashi ga kowane mutum-mutumi — idan aka kwatanta da kashi 5.5% da kashi 10.7% ga iyakar physics.

Mutum-mutumin ba sa ma buƙatar taɓa juna. Idan aka tilasta musu su bar tazarar milimita 25, har yanzu dukansu suna tsallake daren da hanyoyin sadarwar iri ɗaya, da kusan kashi 13% ƙarin makamashin da aka adana, saboda yanzu garkuwar tana da giɓi.

Ƙafafu a kan ƙasar wata

Komai a nan yana faruwa ne a kwaikwayo. Mutum-mutumin suna ci gaba da jujjuyawa duk dare, wanda ke nufin awa 354 na ƙafafu suna aiki a kan regolith na wata (ƙura da duwatsu marasa ƙarfi da ke rufe saman). Samfurin bai haɗa da zaizayewa ko sauyin gogayya (friction) ko na haɗuwa ba. Ko ƙafafu da jikuna za su jure cikakken dare na wannan niƙa, wanda marubutan suka ware a matsayin babbar tambayar da ba a amsa ba, har yanzu ba a gwada ba.