MANHAJOJIN LAFIYA DA BA SA FARA NEMAN IZINI

Manhajojin lafiya suna sarrafa wasu daga cikin bayanai mafiya sirri da ake da su: bayanan lafiyar kwakwalwa, ma’aunin sukarin jini nan take, bugun zuciya. Fallasa, in ji marubutan, na iya kai wa ga nuna wariya a wurin aiki, hana inshora ko kuma tilastawa ta barazanar tona asiri (blackmail). Duk da haka, a cewar Ethan Myers da abokan aikinsa a Jami’ar Jihar Colorado, Cibiyar Fasaha ta New Jersey, Jami’ar Calgary da Jami’ar Stony Brook, waɗannan manhajojin “har yanzu ba a fahimce su sosai a babban mataki ba”.

Sun mai da hankali kan lokacin da ya fi muhimmanci: saukar da manhajar da buɗe ta a karon farko, lokacin da masu amfani suke yanke shawarar abin da za su bayar da izini. Da zarar an miƙa bayanai, sun nuna, karɓar iko baya ya zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba.

Nemo ainihin manhajojin lafiya

Matsala ta farko: me ake ƙidaya a matsayin manhajar lafiya? Rukunonin kantin ba a iya dogara da su. Daga cikin manhajojin da ƙungiyar ta yi wa lakabi da hannu, kashi 71.5% ne kawai na waɗanda aka sa a ƙarƙashin “Medical” ko “Health & Fitness” suka kasance ainihin manhajojin lafiya; misali, sabis ɗin kai kaya da ke kawo magungunan likita na iya faɗawa can. Don haka sun rubuta ma’ana bisa jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) — sa ido, kula da cututtuka, likitanci daga nesa, magani — kuma suka horar da mai rarrabewa a kan manhajoji 5,000 da aka yi wa lakabi da hannu. Bayan an gudanar da shi a kan bayanan manhajoji 500,000, ya gano manhajojin lafiya 10,688, waɗanda aka sauke daga Google Play tsakanin Maris da Mayu 2024.

Hanyoyi uku na karya amana

Ƙungiyar ta auna barazana uku:

1. Neman abin da ya wuce kima: izinin da bayanin manhajar kanta bai ba da dalilinsa ba. Wani samfurin harshe da aka horar a kan jimlolin da mutane suka yi wa lakabi ya yi hasashen irin izinin da kowane bayani yake goyon baya; sannan ƙungiyar ta kwatanta hakan da abin da manhajar take nema a zahiri.
2. Rashin tambaya ko kaɗan: babu allon neman yarda kafin bayanai su fara gudana. An saka kowace manhaja a wayoyin gwaji, aka ɗauki hoton allonta na farko kuma aka karanta shi ta atomatik a harsuna 43, yayin da aka naɗi zirga-zirgar intanet ɗinta.
3. Ɗaukar fiye da abin da aka yarda: tattara lambobin tantancewa da fom ɗin neman yarda bai taɓa ambata ba.

Abin da suka gano

• Kashi 69% na manhajoji 10,036 da har yanzu suke kan intanet suna neman aƙalla izini ɗaya mara dalili. A cewar taƙaitawar binciken, kusan kashi 53% suna son wuri, kashi 50% kyamara da kashi 35% makirufo ba tare da dalilin aiki ba. Wata manhajar motsa jiki da aka sauke sau fiye da miliyan 163, mai ƙidaya takun tafiya da ba da shawarwarin lafiya, ta nemi kyamara, sauti, waya, rajistar kira da lambobin sadarwa.
• Manhajojin da ba su shahara sosai ba sun fi wuce gona da iri: matsakaicin ƙarin izini 2.79 ƙasa da saukarwa 10,000, idan aka kwatanta da 1.24 sama da miliyan ɗaya.
• Ba a iya gwada manhajoji da yawa ba — sun faɗi ko sun kasa farawa. Cikin 3,599 da suka yi aiki, 253 (kashi 7%) ne kawai suka nuna wani tsarin neman yarda a allonsu na farko. Sauran kashi 93% ba su tambayi komai ba. Lambar tantancewar da aka fi aikawa waje ba tare da yarda ba ita ce lambar tallace-tallace ta wayar (advertising ID): wata manhajar motsa jiki da aka sauke sau fiye da miliyan 177 ta yi haka.
• Cikin manhajojin da suke nuna fom ɗin neman yarda, 18 cikin 253 — kusan 1 cikin 14 — sun tattara lambar tantancewa da fom ɗin bai ambata ba. Marubutan suna karanta wannan ta ɗayan ɓangaren ma: idan masu haɓakawa suka tambaya, galibi suna tsayawa kan abin da suka sanar.
• Ba a kama wata manhaja tana tattara lambobin tantancewa da aka taƙaita ba kamar IMEI ta wata hanyar gefe ba, abin da ke nuna cewa kariyar Android tana aiki.

Matsakaicin yawan izini marasa dalili ga kowace manhaja, bisa ƙasar mai haɓakawa (toka: ƙasa da manhajoji 10). — Hoto na 2, Myers da wasu (2026), arXiv:2610.23851, CC BY 4.0.

Dokoki ba su isa ba

Manhajoji daga yankunan da ke da dokokin sirri — Tarayyar Turai, Kudancin Amurka da wasu sassan Asiya — har yanzu sun nuna manyan giɓi, na ƙarin izini 3.1 zuwa 4.5 a matsakaici. Allunan neman yarda ba su da yawa ko’ina, har da inda ake da dokoki; marubutan suna bayyana rashin neman yardar a matsayin keta dokoki kai tsaye kamar GDPR ta Turai. Har manhajoji daga masu haɓakawa masu ɗimbin albarkatu kamar Samsung ko Google sun nuna keta doka. Kuma da yake kashi 5% na manhajoji mafiya shahara suke da kashi 92% na saukarwa, kuskure a cikin shahararriyar manhaja yana kai wa miliyoyin mutane.

Kason manhajojin lafiya da ba su da allon neman yarda a buɗewar farko, bisa ƙasar mai haɓakawa (toka: ƙasa da manhajoji 10). — Hoto na 5, Myers da wasu (2026), arXiv:2610.23851, CC BY 4.0.

Abin da gwajin ba zai iya gani ba

Binciken yana tsayawa a buɗewar farko, kafin a ƙirƙiri wani asusu, kuma bincika manhaja ta atomatik ba ya tabbatar da cikakken ɗaukar komai. An bar manhajojin da suka faɗi. Tun da kurakuran da aka gani kawai ake ƙidayawa, marubutan suna tsammanin alƙaluman nasu sun yi ƙasa da girman matsalar.

Shawararsu ta nufi masu tsaron ƙofa: bin doka bisa ra’ayi da binciken kantin manhajoji, in ji su a ƙarshe, ba sa kare masu amfani, kuma masu sa ido na iya mai da binciken sirri na atomatik sharaɗin shiga kasuwa. Ƙungiyar tana shirin fitar da tarin bayananta da kayan aikinta domin a ci gaba da bincike.