Fitowar 3 Nuwamba, 2026

Don warware ma'auni (equation), kwamfuta kan yi hasashe, ta duba, sannan ta sake hasashe. Kowane zagaye yana ƙara kusantar amsar. Amma nawa ne zagaye ɗaya zai iya ƙara kusantarwa?

Hanyar Newton tana yin tambayoyi biyu a kowane zagaye: ƙimar aikin (function) da gangarensa (slope). Kusa da amsar, adadin lambobin da suka yi daidai yana ninkuwa a kowane zagaye.

A 1974, Kung da Traub sun yi hasashen wata iyakar gudu. Da tambayoyi n a kowane zagaye, darajar sauri (order) ba za ta taɓa wuce 2 zuwa ƙarfin n−1 ba. Sun gina hanyoyin da suka kai ta. Babu wanda ya iya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya wuce ta ba.

Yanzu an tabbatar da ita, a aikin Matthew Colbrook na Cambridge. Dabarar: gina ayyuka (functions) da ke ba da amsoshi iri ɗaya amma suna ɓoye sifilinsu (zero) a wani wuri dabam. Wani mataimakin hujja (proof assistant), Lean, ya duba sakamakon.

Tushe: Adversarial Wronskians: A proof of the Kung–Traub conjecture, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40660

A wani bincike, an horar da wata hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi ta kwamfuta (neural network) don hango ƙananan duniyoyi. Bayananta sun fito ne daga tauraron ɗan adam TESS. Da aka gwada ta ta hanyar da aka saba, ta sami maki 0.97 cikin 1. Abin burgewa?

Ba sosai ba. A kan ƙararrawar ƙarya da masana taurari suka ƙi a zahiri, makin ya faɗi zuwa 0.50. Wannan kamar jefa kuɗi sama ne, bai fi tsammani kawai ba.

Mai laifin: 42% na waɗannan ƙararrawar ƙarya taurari ne maƙwabta da ke kusufi (eclipse). A lanƙwasar haske (light curve), suna kama da duniyoyi sak. Don haka na'urar gano da ke karanta wannan lanƙwasa kaɗai ya kamata ta tsaya a kusan 0.79. Bayan an sake horar da ita, wannan ta kai 0.80: daidai a kan rufin.

Ƙara launi, wuri da motsin tauraro duk da haka ya yi amfani. Daga cikin 'yan takara 49 da suka fi samun maki cikin 435, an tabbatar da ɗaya a matsayin duniya. Girmanta kamar na Duniya ne kuma tana kewaye ƙaramin tauraronta duk bayan awa 7.05.

Tushe: An end-to-end CNN search for ultra-short-period planets in TESS: from the blend ceiling to the independent validation of TOI-6662 b, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.42009

A 2017, raƙuman nauyi (gravitational waves) sun bayyana taurarin neutron biyu suna karo: GW170817. An kuma ga hasken karon, a cikin damin taurari NGC 4993. Har yanzu ita ce haɗewa ɗaya tilo da aka ɗaura da wani damin taurari.

Binciken Ryan Foley, a UC Santa Cruz, ya ƙiyasta shekarun taurarin wannan damin taurari. A matsakaici, shekarunsu biliyan 12.4 ne. Don haka wataƙila ma'auratan taurarin sun ɗauki kusan wannan lokacin kafin su haɗe.

Daidaitattun samfura sun ce yawancin ma'aurata suna haɗewa da sauri bayan haihuwarsu. A ƙarƙashinsu, damar kama irin wannan tsohuwar haɗewa 1.8% ce kawai. Za a buƙaci ƙarin ganowa 55 kafin a yi tsammanin ɗaya.

Don haka ko dai haɗewa matasa da yawa sun ɓace, ko kuma wata hanya dabam, mai jinkiri, ce ke da rinjaye. Gungun taurari masu cunkoso su ne manyan waɗanda ake zargi. Amma ba a ga ko ɗaya a wurin karon ba.

Tushe: Missing Mergers: On the Unexpected Delay-Time Distribution of Binary Neutron Star Mergers, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40782

A daren lokacin bazara, wasu gizagizai suna haskakawa da daɗewa bayan faɗuwar rana. Suna shawagi sama da kilomita 80 a sama, inda Rana ke ci gaba da haskaka su. Waɗannan gizagizai masu haske da dare (noctilucent clouds) su ne mafi tsayi a Duniya.

Tun 2020, masu bincike 'yan Rasha sun auna tsayinsu kusan sau 20,000. Rukunonin kyamarori, masu nisan kilomita 50 zuwa 200 tsakaninsu, sun kalli gizagizai iri ɗaya. Kwatanta abin da aka gani daga wurare daban-daban yana ba da tsayin.

Sannan suka kwatanta da ma'aunan da aka yi ta hanya ɗaya tun 1890. Yanzu gizagizan suna kusan kilomita 0.7 ƙasa da yadda suke kafin 2000. A yau suna sauka kusan kilomita 1.2 a kowane ƙarni. An gano saukar kanta da tabbaci sama da 99.5%.

Dalilin da ya fi yiwuwa: carbon dioxide yana sanyaya iskar da ke ƙarƙashinsu. Sai saman sararin sama ya takure. Amma gizagizan suna sauka ne da rabin saurin da wani samfurin yanayi ke hasashe kawai.

Tushe: Long-Term Trend of Noctilucent Cloud Altitude Detected: A Comparison of Positional Data with Historical Measurements, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41750

A girman ƙwayar halitta, ɗanƙon ruwa (viscosity) yana rinjayar ƙarfin motsi (momentum). Kowane turawa yana haifar da gudana da ke kaiwa ga makwabta. To ta yaya ya kamata ƙwayar halitta ta yi iyo idan tana da abokan tafiya?

A wani bincike a Denmark, an bar ƙwayoyin halitta na kwaikwayo su koyi salon iyonsu (stroke) mafi kyau. Ita kaɗai, ƙwayar halitta tana samun igiyar da ke gudana a tsawon jikinta. Biyu-biyu kuwa, wasan yana sauyawa.

Kowace ƙwaya tana shafar makwabciyarta sosai, amma ba ta samun dalili mai yawa na sauya kanta. Ƙwayoyi biyu masu son kai suna samun ƙarin 14% fiye da yin iyo su kaɗai. Ƙwayoyi biyu da kawai ke riƙe salon iyonsu na su kaɗai a daidai lokaci suna samun 17%. Ƙwayoyin da ke haɗin kai suna samun 29%.

Tana aiki kusan kamar Matsalar Fursuna (prisoner's dilemma), wadda ilimin kimiyyar ruwa (fluid physics) kaɗai ya haifar. Ƙwayoyi masu dangantaka, kamar clones (ƙwayoyi masu gado iri ɗaya), za su iya kuɓuta daga gare ta. Abokan hamayya suna biyan farashi don rage wa juna sauri.

Tushe: Microswimmers lose by swimming selfishly, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41965

A Amurka, kula da yara ƙanana ba a samunsa sosai. "Hamadar kula da yara" (childcare desert) yanki ne inda wadata ke biyan ƙasa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na buƙata. Fiye da rabin masana kimiyya na jami'o'i suna aiki a cikin irin wannan yanki.

Wani bincike ya bi masu digirin digirgir (PhD) a kimiyya 12,629 na Amurka, waɗanda suka kammala tsakanin 1997 da 2014, har zuwa 2023. Maza da mata suna aiki a hamada daidai gwargwado, kusan 58%. Duk da haka mata ba sa samun matsayin dindindin (tenure) kamar maza: 32.6% idan aka kwatanta da 38.4%.

Ga iyaye maza, aiki a hamada ba ya canza komai da za a iya aunawa. Ga iyaye mata, gibin matsayin dindindin yana ƙara faɗaɗa. Sun kuma fi komawa aiki a kamfanoni (industry) da ayyukan rabin lokaci (part-time). Kuma awoyin aikinsu a mako suna raguwa da awa 2.4.

Awoyin da aka rasa suna bayyana wani ɓangare ne kawai. Katsewar aiki da gajiya na iya bayyana sauran, amma bayanan ba za su iya faɗa ba. Kuma binciken yana nuna alaƙa ne, ba hujjar cewa ɗaya ne ke haifar da ɗayan ba.

Tushe: Scientist Mothers Working in Childcare Deserts Are Less Likely to Attain Tenure, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40951

Streptavidin da biotin suna samar da ɗaya daga cikin haɗi mafi ƙarfi a ilimin halitta. Ɗakunan gwaje-gwajen fasahar halittu (biotechnology) suna amfani da su ko'ina. Kowane furotin na streptavidin yana da gurabu huɗu na biotin.

Tsawon shekaru gommai, masana kimiyya sun yi ta muhawara: shin biotin ɗaya da ya maƙale yana taimaka wa na gaba ya maƙale? Wasu bincike sun ce eh, wasu a'a, wasu ma sun ce akasin haka. Wataƙila alamomin haske (fluorescent labels) sun dagula amsar.

Wata ƙungiya a Marseille ta yi amfani da hasken ultraviolet na furotin ɗin kansa maimakon haka, ba tare da wata alama ba. Da biotin mai sauƙi (dilute), gurabun huɗu suna cika kowanne da kansa. Babu wani haɗin kai da za a iya aunawa tsakanin gurabun.

To daga ina "haɗin kan" ya fito? Ɗan ƙaramin ɗigo na biotin mai kauri (concentrated) yana yin aiki cikin 'yan dubun millisecond, kafin ya bazu. A wurin, 'yan furotin kaɗan suna cika gaba ɗaya. Yana kama da haɗin kai, amma rashin cakuɗawa mai kyau ne kawai.

Tushe: Streptavidin-Biotin Binding is Intrinsically Non-Cooperative, but Experimental Artefacts Can Induce Apparent Positive Cooperativity, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41363

Ra'ayoyi da yawa sun ce Sararin Samaniya na farko ya shiga sauye-sauyen yanayi (phase transitions). Shi kansa sararin ya sauya zuwa wani sabon yanayi. Kowane sauyi yana farawa da ƙaramin kumfa na sabon yanayin, wanda ke haihuwa ta hanyar quantum tunnelling (ratsa shamaki ta kwantam).

Tun shekarun 1970, masana kimiyyar lissafi suna zana wannan sabon kumfa a matsayin cikakken ƙwallo. Amma wannan shi ne kawai kimantawa ta farko (first approximation) ta lissafin da aka saba.

Wata ƙungiya daga Isra'ila da Italiya ta duba mataki ɗaya gaba, a mataki na gaba (next order). A lokacin haihuwa, bangon kumfan zaɓi ne na bazata daga sauye-sauyen kwantam (quantum fluctuations). Don haka babu kumfan da ke da cikakken zagaye kwata-kwata.

Kumburi nawa? A cikin sauyin sararin samaniya na yau da kullum, bangon ya kauce daga zagaye da kusan 10% na radius. Marubutan sun zana irin wannan kumfa ɗaya ba da gangan ba. Yana kama da guguru (popcorn) sosai.

Tushe: Quantum Popcorn: the shape of a phase transition bubble, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41504

Jefa ƙaramin ƙwallo a cikin ruwa. Yana jan aljihun iska tare da shi zuwa ƙasa. Ba da daɗewa ba aljihun ya matse ya rabu kusa da saman ruwa. Amma wani ɓangare na iskar yana ci gaba da manne wa ƙwallon.

Injiniyoyi a Indiya da Jamus sun ɗauki bidiyon ƙwallaye na milimita 4 zuwa 10 suna faɗawa ruwa. Saurin faɗawar ya kai mita 3.5 a daƙiƙa ɗaya. Kyamarorinsu sun ɗauki hotuna har 2,000 a daƙiƙa ɗaya.

Ƙa'idar ita ce ƙarfin tunkuɗa sama na ruwa (buoyancy) kawai. Ƙwallo tare da iskarsa dole ne su kawar da ruwa fiye da nauyin ƙwallon. Sai ya juya ya tashi. Amma idan aljihun iskar ya matse a karo na biyu, ƙwallon yana ci gaba da nutsewa koyaushe.

Shafe-shafen da ke ƙin ruwa suna taimakawa wajen riƙe iskar, amma ba su isa ba. Ƙwallo mafi girma ko mafi sauri na iya rasa ta. Wani lokaci, jefawa iri ɗaya ma suna ƙarewa daban.

Tushe: Penetration of a sphere in a pool: Secondary pinch-off, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41942

Manhajoji suna ba da shawarar inda za a ci abinci, sannan su koya daga ziyarorin da su kansu suka haifar. Masu bincike sun tambayi abin da wannan zagaye (loop) ke yi wa birni a tsawon shekaru.

Sun kwaikwayi mazauna 4,000 zuwa 8,000 a kowanne daga cikin Boston, San Francisco, Detroit da Chicago. Kowane mutum ya bi ainihin jadawalin GPS ɗinsa a tsawon shekaru uku na sabunta manhajar kowane mako.

Algorithm mafi daidaito yana ci gaba da mayar da mutane wuraren da suka saba. Ya bar su a rabe bisa samun kuɗi da 15–21% fiye da a zahiri. Kuma a ƙarƙashin kowane algorithm, aƙalla kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na wurare sun rasa dukkan baƙinsu na kwaikwayo.

Akwai gyara mai sauƙi: ɗaga wuraren da ba a san su sosai ba a cikin jerin. Yana rage wuraren da suka ɓace da fiye da rabi. Yana kuma rage rabewa ga algorithms uku cikin huɗu. Farashin shi ne ɗan rashin daidaito kaɗan.

Tushe: Recommendation Feedback Loops Shape Urban Income Segregation and Venue Visitation, https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41911