RASHIN DAIDAITO TSAKANIN DABBOBIN DAJI YA FI NA ARZIKIN ƊAN ADAM

Yaya rashin daidaito yake a yanayi? Masana kimiyyar muhalli sun daɗe da sanin cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna rayuwa a ƙarancin yawan jama’a fiye da ƙanana, kuma manyan dabbobi masu cin ciyawa suna raguwa sosai. Wata ƙidaya ta duniya da aka yi kwanan nan ta nauyin halittun (biomass) dabbobi masu shayarwa na tudu na daji — jimillar nauyin kowane ɗaya daga cikin wani nau’i — tana ba da hanyar sanya lamba ɗaya ga wannan rashin daidaito.

Klaus M. Frahm da Dima L. Shepelyansky, a Dakin Gwajin Kimiyyar Lissafi na Ka’ida a Toulouse, da José Lages, a Cibiyar UTINAM a Besançon, sun aro kayan aikin da masana tattalin arziki ke amfani da su wajen auna rashin daidaiton arziki.

Ɗaukar nau’ikan dabbobi kamar gidaje

Ƙidayar, wadda aka wallafa a 2023, ta ƙunshi nau’ika 4,795 da jimillar nauyin halittu na gram 2.24 × 10¹³, kusan tan miliyan 22. Masu binciken sun ɗauki kowane nau’i a matsayin “gida” kuma jimillar nauyin halittunsa a matsayin “arzikinsa”. Sannan suka zana Lorenz curve — rabon jimillar arzikin da kashi x% na gidaje mafiya talauci ke da shi — kuma suka lissafa Gini coefficient, wanda ke tafiya daga 0 (cikakken daidaito) zuwa 1 (gida ɗaya ya mallaki komai).

Ƙarshen biyu suna da ban mamaki:

• barewar white-tailed deer ita kaɗai tana da kashi 12% na dukan nauyin halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa na tudu na daji, sai alade daji (kashi 8.7%) da giwar daji ta Afirka (kashi 5.9%);
• a ɗaya ƙarshen, dukan jemagun New Caledonian long-eared bat tare an kiyasta nauyinsu gram 14.4, Madeira pipistrelle gram 218.9 kuma Sri Lankan rain forest shrew gram 466.1.

Tsakanin nau’i mafi nauyi da mafi sauƙi, jimillar nauyin halittu tana bambanta da kusan ninki biliyan 200.

Gini na 0.944

Gini coefficient na nauyin halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa na daji ya fito 0.944. Don kwatanci, takardar ta kawo Gini coefficient na arzikin ƙasashe a 2021 tsakanin 0.59 da 0.90, da 0.889 ga dukan duniya. Bisa wannan ma’auni, masarautar dabbobi tana da rashin daidaito fiye da kowane tattalin arzikin ɗan adam a wannan jerin.

Rarrabawar tana faɗin abu ɗaya:

• kashi 50% na nau’ikan mafi sauƙin nauyi suna da kashi 0.23% kawai na nauyin halittu;
• kashi 10% mafi nauyi suna da kashi 92%;
• kashi 1% na sama suna da kashi 63%, kuma kashi 0.1% na sama — ’yan nau’ika kaɗan — suna da kashi 31%.

Takardar ta kwatanta wannan da World Inequality Report 2022, wanda ta kawo ga arzikin ɗan adam: rabin talakawan al’ummar duniya suna da kashi 2%, kashi 10% mafiya arziki suna da kashi 75%.

Samfurin rashin daidaito na masanin kimiyyar lissafi

Sannan masu binciken sun gwada wani samfuri da suka gabatar a baya ga arzikin ɗan adam, wealth thermalization hypothesis (hasashen daidaitar zafin arziki). A cikinsa, ƙimomin arziki — a nan, nauyin halittu — suna yin kamar matakan kuzari a cikin wani tsarin kimiyyar lissafi da ke daidaita zuwa abin da ake kira daidaiton Rayleigh–Jeans. A ƙaramin jimillar kuzari, wannan tsarin yana nuna “taruwa” (condensation): yawancin jama’a suna cunkushe a ƙasa, yayin da wani ƙaramin “rukunin masu mulki” (oligarchy) ke zaune a sama.

Wani faɗaɗaɗɗen nau’in samfurin yana sake samar da Lorenz curve da kuma Pareto curve mai alaƙa da shi na ainihin nauyin halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa a matakai huɗu na girma. Yana kaucewa ne kawai ga nau’ikan mafi sauƙin nauyi sosai, abin da masu binciken suka danganta ga raunin mu’amala — misali ga nau’ikan da aka taƙaita a wurare keɓaɓɓu kamar Madeira pipistrelle. A cewar aikinsu na baya, tsarin guda kuma yana bayyana arzikin ƙasashe, darajar kamfanoni, mu’amalar bitcoin, fitar da carbon, ƙuri’un zaɓe har ma da shaharar sunayen farko.

Me ya sa barewa za ta yi kamar kuɗi?

Masu binciken sun ba da kwatanci: a cikin iskar gas, kusan kowace raunanniyar mu’amala tsakanin atom tana kaiwa ga rarraba kuzari iri ɗaya, ko yaya cikakkun bayanai suke. Ta irin wannan hanya, sun nuna cewa saƙar farauta da gasa tsakanin nau’ikan dabbobi na iya samar da wannan rarrabawa ba tare da wata hanyar muhalli ta musamman ta zama mai yanke hukunci ba. Wannan hasashe ne, ba hujja ba — takardar tana daidaita lanƙwasa; ba ta bin diddigin yadda barewa, aladen daji da ɓeraye masu doguwar hanci (shrews) ke musayar “nauyin halittu” a zahiri ba.

Sakamakon ya dace da sanannun ƙa’idojin muhalli da ke danganta girman jiki da yawan jama’a, masu binciken suka lura, kuma ’yan nau’ikan da ke ƙarshen nauyi na rarrabawar su ne kuma waɗanda matsin muhalli da na ɗan adam na iya fi yi wa nauyi. An bar dabbobi masu shayarwa na teku: ƙidayar tana ba da alƙaluma masu inganci ne kawai ga nau’ikan teku goma mafi nauyi.