KARAR DA KE MAƘWABTAKA DA CIBIYOYIN BAYANAI NA AI

A faɗin Amurka, ana gina manyan cibiyoyin bayanai (data centers) da aka ƙera don horar da kuma gudanar da fasahar ƙirƙirarriyar basira (AI) cikin sauri. Sababbin harabobin suna amfani da ɗaruruwan megawatt, wani lokaci sama da gigawatt ɗaya, kuma saboda na’urorin AI suna aiki kusan da cikakken ƙarfinsu dare da rana, sanyayarsu ba ta hutawa. Kusa da da yawa daga cikinsu, mazauna suna bayyana wani sauti da ba ya taɓa tsayawa. Al’ummomi a Tennessee, Mississippi, Virginia, Arizona da North Dakota sun haɗa kai, sun tafi kotu kuma sun matsa wa garuruwansu su sake rubuta dokokin hayaniya.

Kafin kowa ya iya cewa ko wannan hayaniya tana cutar da lafiya, dole wani ya auna ta yadda ya kamata. Wannan shi ne giɓin da Davide Bray da Francesca Dominici, masana ƙididdigar halittu (biostatisticians) a Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, suka yi niyyar zana taswirarsa.

Tantance kowace lamba

Bitarsu ta labari ce, ba ta tsari ba (narrative, not systematic). Sun bincika rumbunan bayanan kimiyya har zuwa Yulin 2026, amma kusan babu wani abu mai dacewa da aka wallafa a can, don haka sun kuma tona cikin bayanan ƙananan hukumomi da na hukumomin sa ido, takardun kotu, takardun kamfanoni da tsoffin jaridu. Kowace ƙima da suka samu an tantance ta bisa inda ta fito, a matakai biyar — daga binciken da takwarorinsa masana suka duba mai na’urori da aka daidaita da kuma bakan sauti (spectra) da aka wallafa (mataki na 1) har zuwa ma’aunan da mazauna suka ɗauka da na’urorin da ba a daidaita ba (mataki na 5).

Babu ƙimar da ta kai mataki na 1. Shari’o’in Amurka da aka fi rubutawa sun dogara ne kan na’urorin auna sauti na talakawa da mazauna suka yi amfani da su, ma’aunan da wani magajin gari ya ɗauka, da samfuran masu ba da shawara. Binciken kawai da aka yi da na’urori da aka daidaita bisa ƙa’idoji a kan wata harabar da ke aiki da suka samu, an gudanar da shi ne a wani wurin Microsoft kusa da Sydney, a Ostiraliya — wanda sharaɗin izinin gini ya buƙata, kuma a wajen ƙasar da rikice-rikicen suka fi tsanani.

Daga decibel 39 zuwa sama da 70

Matakan da aka ruwaito sun kama daga decibel 39 zuwa sama da 70 (bisa ma’aunin A). Ga wasu misalai daga bitar:

• Kusa da harabar Colossus ta xAI a Memphis da Southaven, wata ƙarar gamayya a kotun tarayya ta yi zargin sama da 70 dB(A) a iyakokin gidajen zama kusa da wata tashar injinan turbine; ma’aunan magajin gari sun kasance daga 39 zuwa 70 dB(A), kuma binciken gaggawa na kafofin labarai daga 42 zuwa 65.
• A Great Oak, a gundumar Prince William, Virginia, kusa da cibiyoyin bayanai na Amazon, mazauna sun ruwaito har zuwa 65 dB(A) da dare. Gyaran fankoki, wanda al’umma ta kiyasta kuɗinsa kusan dala miliyan 30, ya rage matakan da kusan decibel 10.
• A North Dakota, masana ilimin sauti sun gano wani sauti mai rinjaye na hertz 118 ta hanyar nazarin sautin wani shirin talabijin — wanda ya isa a gane fankoki masu ruwa shida suna juyawa kusan sau 1,180 a minti ɗaya.

Marubutan sun dage cewa waɗannan lambobi ba za a iya kwatanta su ko a ɗauki matsakaicinsu ba: sun haɗa wurare kusa da injuna, a shinge da a gidaje, na’urori da aka daidaita da waɗanda ba a daidaita ba, ma’aunai da samfura. Kuma saboda wurare suna shiga cikin bayanai ne galibi lokacin da maƙwabta suka yi koke, bayanan ba za su iya bambanta “yawancin wurare shiru suke” da “ba a auna yawancin wurare ba.” Kada kuma a ɗauke shi a matsayin jerin matsayin kamfanoni: harabobin Google, Meta da Oracle kusan babu su a ciki.

Sautin, ba ƙarfin sautin ba

Abin da ya daidaita shi ne alamar. Koke-koken suna nuna wani karar sauti mai kaɗa-kaɗa (tonal hum) mara yankewa, mai zurfi a kowace shari’a da ke da cikakken bayanin bakan sauti sai ɗaya — galibi kusan hertz 70 zuwa 140. Wurare biyu suna samar da irin waɗannan sautuka kamar agogo: na’urorin canza wutar lantarki (transformers), waɗanda ke kara a ninki biyu na mitar layin wutar lantarki (hertz 120 a Arewacin Amurka), da fankoki, waɗanda adadin ruwansu da saurinsu ke ƙayyade sautinsu.

A nan akwai tarko. Ma’aunin decibel na yau da kullum, ma’aunin “A” da ake rubutawa dB(A), da gangan yana rage muhimmancin ƙananan mitoci. Wuri zai iya bin ƙa’ida a dB(A) yayin da yake samar da daidai irin karar mai ratsawa da mazauna ke bayyanawa. Sautuka masu zurfi kuma suna tafiya nesa, suna lanƙwasa a kewayen shingayen hana hayaniya, kuma suna ratsa bangon gidaje cikin sauƙi. Marubutan ba su ƙi dB(A) ba — kusan dukkan shaidun lafiya kan hayaniya an bayyana su da shi — amma suna cewa dole a haɗa shi da ma’aunan ƙananan mitoci da cikakken bakan sauti.

Sanyaya a matsayin babban abin da ke canzawa

Idan zaɓin ƙira ɗaya ne zai yi hasashen hayaniyar wani wuri, marubutan suna nuna sanyaya. Sanyaya ta iska da fankoki tana motsa iska mai ɗimbin yawa, tare da yawancin ƙarfin sautin tsakanin hertz 63 zuwa 250. Sanyaya ta ruwa tana cire ko rage manyan jerin fankoki. Sun kiyasta bambancin da decibel 15 zuwa 30 na ƙarfin sauti — amma sun jaddada cewa wannan kiyasi ne a matakin kayan aiki, ba bambancin da aka auna tsakanin wurare ko a gidajen mutane ba. Wuraren da injinan turbine na iskar gas da ke aiki ba tsayawa ke ba su wuta, wani lamari ne daban, “wanda ya fi kama da tashar samar da wutar lantarki fiye da gonar sabobi (server farm).”

Lafiya: hasashen da ya kamata a gwada

Ga hayaniyar muhalli gabaɗaya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana danganta ɗaukar hayaniya da ɓacin rai da rashin barci mai kyau. Ga hayaniyar ƙananan mitoci, bincike yana ci gaba da samun ƙarin ɓacin rai, da shaidu masu nuni amma masu iyaka kan barci. Ga cibiyoyin bayanai musamman, babu wani bincike. Marubutan suna gabatar da alaƙar lafiya a matsayin hasashe, mai yiwuwa saboda karar ba ta yankewa, tana da sauti ɗaya, mai zurfi ce kuma ta dare ce. Sun ƙara da damuwa kan adalcin muhalli: a shari’o’in da aka rubuta, kamar injinan turbine masu yi wa xAI hidima a Kudancin Memphis da Southaven, wuraren suna kusa da unguwannin masu ƙaramin kuɗin shiga, waɗanda tun dā wuraren masana’antu ne.

A fara da aunawa

Shawararsu: na’urori da aka daidaita, bakan sauti mai cikakken bayani har zuwa hertz ɗaya, rubuta yanayi da ayyukan wurin, aƙalla awa 72 a kowace tasha har da dare da ƙarshen mako, tashar kwatanta don hayaniyar baya, da ma’aunai biyu-biyu a waje da cikin ɗakunan kwana, tun da a cikin gida ake barci. Bincike na farko zai ƙunshi wurare uku zuwa biyar da aka ambata sunayensu masu tsarin sanyaya daban-daban. Gargaɗinsu ne ya rufe bitar: an riga an fara yaɗa matsayar lafiya a wajen kimiyyar da takwarorinta suka duba, kuma tarin bincike kan sakamako da aka gina a kan bayanan ɗaukar hayaniya marasa inganci zai yi wuyar gyarawa.